Energy and environmental issues are crucially interrelated. There are two concurrent problems which may determine the future of the human society; depletion of the resources such as oil, and environmental damages associated with the resource use. Resources once utilized are ultimately transformed to differerent forms of wastes whereas some of them are accumulated in air and water, causing persistent damages to the global environment. A typical example is the possible climatic change due mainly to CO2 from fossil fuels. This raises a fundamental question about the long-term management of exhaustible resources and the wastes generated by their use. From a planner's standpoint, this is an intertemporal optimization excersize that takes into account both the resource and environmental constraints. This paper presents a general model suitable for this arguement. The utilitarian optimum theory developed by Dasgupta and Heal is generalized by introducing the damage function of the waste accumulated in the environment. Numerical analysis is made to examine the typical solution for the Cobb-Douglas production function. Policy implication of the optimal development paths is discussed based on this model calculation.

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In order to assess the implications of the global warming for the future human society, it is necessary to analyze the long-term impacts which may be caused on the world economy and the environment. For this purpose this study presents a world dynamics model which predicts the future world development under the constraints imposed by energy, resource and environment. In so doing, it is especially important to examine the uncertainties involed in the prediction. For analyzing such uncertainties pertinent to the prediction of the global warming, this study adopts Verhulst's type growth model to project the future growth of the fossil fuel consumption. The growth rate parameter in Verhulst equation is treated as a stochastic variable subject to random changes. Then the changes in the future projection of the average temperature of the earth is examined in relation to the changes in the fuel consumption paths. Then model calculations are made on the interaction among population, energy, economic production (GNP), food production, land use, forestry management and other factors. Changes in the future growth paths are examined by altering the parameter values involved in the model. Based on these calculations, policy options for responding to global warming is discussed and their environmental and economic implications are examined.

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An overview is presented on the possible impacts of sea level rise and climate change induced by global warming on the coastal zones through a literature review. Several changes in physical conditions are identified as basic impacts, including inundation, exacerbation of storm surge and coastal flooding, increase in erosion, and salt water intrusion into rivers and aquifers. Serious secondary impacts are brought about by these basic changes on the socio-economic activities and natural environment. In order to give a firm basis for establishing response strategies, a framework is developed for quantitative assessment for these impacts, on the basis of understanding the mechanisms of impact occurence by an event-tree analysis. Assessments are necessary to two primary fields, one is changes in physical external forces and the other vulnerability of socio-economic and natural systems in the coastal zone.

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It is pointed out that sea level will rise 1m in maximum by the end of the next century in consequence of global warming. This study was conducted to estimate various kinds of effects and quantified potential damage, which can be evaluated by area, population and property, of the sea level rise on the Japanese coastal areas.

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Characteristics (structure) of global warming issues in developing countries are not identical with those in developed countries. Accordingly, response strategy for global warming to be taken by developing countries must be different from those to be taken by developed countries. This report, as a case study, presents views on structure of global warming issues and response strategy to be taken in Indonesia.

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In order to effectively implement Action Program to Arrest Global Warming, which was decided in October last year, it is crucial to identify various concrete measures at local level, and promote them with the cooperation of local govermnments. From this reason, the Environment Agency started studies to formulate five model programs at local level, through entrusting them to competent prefectural and municipal governments. The Agency also set up a Committee to consider various elements of such programs and provide advice to relevant local governments. The studies are scheduled to continue for two years, that is fiscal 1991 and 1992.

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The mapping system of environmental conditions in Itabashi Ward consists of such features as follows:
An easy operation system utilizing a personal computer, and accessible to a host computer in Tokyo Metropolitan Office for wider range of data or complicated process.
Various kinds of input data related to the environmental amenity, such as natural and historical assets, facilities for communication and convenience, and atmospheric conditions.
Built-in system of data collection by volunteer citizens, which is called “Environmental Observation Monitors System”.
Familiarly designed output maps. More than 110 maps are avairable to the general public.

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Environmental education is expected to enable citizens to understand our common environmental problem. Town watching, feeling writing technique and advocated forum have been introduced into citizens involvement process for action programs of environmental amelioration. Our team planned to integrate remarks on a large-scale map filled by participants with expeiqmental sensations and judgements obtained in systematically programmed five categories of town watching. Participants can communicate with each others by means of both of drawing remarks on the map and talking about own experience in walking in each group with each unique theme. These two events enable them to utilize their consciousness, information, intelligence and their behavior in order to improve their neighbor environment. The results of observation of events and questionnaires to participants show that not either of these two events but the linkage of both is effective for finding and approaching positively environmental problem and resource in town area.

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Wastewater management becomes a complex undertaking when there are different government agencies engaging in different programmes, such as the case in the Lake Biwa catchment area. The timing of the completion of conventional municipal sewerage systems linked to a large regional wastewater system under construction is likely to become a deciding factor for introduction of interim measures in places where wastelord reduction by sewerage will not take place for some time. An interactive model designed to assess various sewerage investment scenarios vs. wasteload reduction profiles was introduced here for use in examining various interim planning options.

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This paper deals with an examination on a technique for evaluating solid/liquid separation effectiveness in sludge without chemical conditioning for a vacuum filter as viewed from both quantity and quality of the separated liquid. It uses a statistical model based on the analysis of the separation curve (i.e., the speed of separation) through a multivariate analysis of variance. Among the three separation factors, suction force is recognized as the main effect. Also, quality of the separated liquid resulting from the filter experiment was examined. Moreover, the analysis was extended to the quality of the separated liquid as related to the speed of separation.

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Cities are center of population, production, and consumption. They can be compared to a biological system composed of various pathways on which exchange of energy and material take place and are then converted into different forms. Production of goods and services in cities requires two different forms of energy. The first is the “direct” energy, or the net input of primary energy such as oil, coal, natural gas and solor radiation. The second is the “indirect” energy, or the energy embodied in the goods and services that are imported from the outside and used for production of new goods and services in the city. Input-output-based energy accounting method for cities is developed by using the concept of “embodied energy”. Then it is applied to several Japanese cities for which I-O tables are available. Characteristics of the city's energy structure is discussed in terms of its self-independence and dependence upon the outside by calculating the total (direct and indirect) energy needed for the gross production of the city.

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The objectives of this study are to establish a computation method on the total amount of energy consumption in urban areas, to estimate the quantity of heat that is transferred into wastewater, ultimately going into wastewater treatment plants, and to examine possibility of waste heat recovery. As a result, waste heat transferred to wastewater is 1.9% of the total amount of energy consumption and 37.3% of the amount of energy consumption by electricity only for water heating in midnight, municipal gas, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas in Fukuoka and 4.3% of the former and 63.3% of the latter in Kitakyusyu in 1988. The quantity of recoverable waste heat energy with more than 5°C temperature difference from that of ambient atmosphere corresponds to 10% of the total waste heat flux to the wastewater treatment plants. The availability factor of exergy is 1.7% in both cities. Waste heat is available in particular for air conditioning and snow melting on road in winter in Japan.

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Urbanization induces the increase of energy consumption in cities. It also alters the land use and cover in urban areas. Combination of these changes results in the temperature increase in cities, and thereby cause the increasing demand of energy required for air conditioning especially in summer. Thus, it is imperative to reexamine the physical structure of the cities with a view to alleviating the heat-island phenomena caused by urbanization. For this purpose, this study aims to establish the relationship between the urban thermal structure and the parameters specifying the land use pattern of the area under consideration (albedo, roughness length, relative humidity, and heat capacity). The analysis is based on an energy budget model. For Fukuoka City area, surface temperature estimated by the model is compared with the infrared surface temperatures data obtained from satellites (NOAA). A relatively good correlation was found between them, but further analysis must be made to achieve a better agreement.

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The variability of surface heat flux depends strongly on the materials heat absorption and storage rates. During summer days, the temperature in the materials and long-wave radiation from the surface were measured together with surface long-wave radiation. atmospheric and solar radiation etc. Among materials, asphalt slabs absorb highest radiation energy, and increase their temperature. Eventually, they radiate heat as high as 700W/m² higher than that of concrete slabs. In addition, the heat absorbed during daytime is released into the atmosphere. And the radiation energy is almost absorbed by absorber (e. g. water vaper and carbon dioxide) at lower atmosphere.

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Sand particles of diameter under 0.25mm greatly moved in the sea bottom. Sediment microorganism's membrane was mainly made on the surface of sand particles of diameter over 1mm. Sand particles of diameter under 0.25mm mainly contributed to the total surface area of sediment particles. The water content of sediment absorbed water by old newspapers was equivalent to the mean surface area of sediment particles. Free microorganism in the opening water of sediment little contributed to the total microorganism's activity. Using particle size distribution of sediment, the quantity of microorganism's membrane was calculated, environmental factor was added, and the quantity of microorganism being equivalent to the activity was reformed with them. The better was the water environment in sea, the higher was the sediment microorganism's activity. The higher the water environmental quality in the sea area was, the more was sediment microorganism proper to the clean sea. In the other hand, the worse was the water environmental quality in the polluted sea area, the higher was the sediment microorganism's activity. The worse was the water environmental quality, the more was the sediment microorganism proper to the polluted sea.

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Nitrifying bacteria play important roles of nitrogen cycle in the natural ecosystem. In this study, nitrifying bacteria was detected by using methods in Genetic Engineering. Conventional methods for analysis of microbial ecology are not effective to specific microorganisms which grow very slowly and are difficult to be isolated. In this study, detection method for the specific gene using DNA probe was adopted to investigate the population and existing manners of nitrifying bacteria, and fundamental methodology for in situ analysis for the bacteria was applied. Arthrobacter globiformis (IFO 3062) was used as a model bacterium to detect the nitrifier in a bacterial mixed culture. This bacteria oxidize ammonium to nitrate, and can utilize organic compounds as carbon sources so that it's growth rate is not slow. In the first phase of this study, the nucleotide sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA of A. globiformis was determined to search species or genus specific sequence regions, and species specific DNA oligomer which can specifically hybridize to the 16SrRNA of A. globiformis was chemically synthesized. This DNA oligomer was labeled with a fluorescent regent by Aminolink method and used as a DNA probe for in situ hybridization. Fixed bacterial cells on a slide glass were treated with the DNA probe and observed under an epifluorescent microscope. The fluorescent signal intensity was evaluated under the microbial ecosystems mixed with Escherichia coli and activated sludge.

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Common reed (Phragmites communis) is one of the most effective macrophyto to improve coastal water quality due to its rapid nutrient uptake during summer. Nutrient release from withered reed is still unclear, though it is important from the mass-balance point of view.
Laboratory experiments were conducted for-nitrogen and phosphorous resolution. First, both nutrients are released at rapid rate during 1-2 weeks. Released amount for this phase is less than half of the initial content in shoots or leaves. First order reaction form can be applied to this stage. Then, the slower release follows. Temperature dependency for the release was found. Ammonia release was promoted when dry reed was physically cutted into pieces.

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Open channel systems in Saga, developed for drinking water supply and irrigationabout 300 years ago, have been polluted by human activities mainly domestic wastewater. The main purpose of this study is to protect against the water pollution and to manage the water quality. The main policy steps should be, 1) construction of public sewage works, 2) development of water distribution systems for the open channel network. In this paper, strategy for the water quality management is examined by estimating how the amount of clean water of main canal will be required. A newly developed computer model is used for the estimation. The result makes a suggestion that water quality of upper canals should be improved with increasing inflow of clean water from main canal.

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The Tatsumi canal of 1632 has been seriously examined by two English engineers K. Walton and A. Brookes on 22 May 1990. Through their examination, it has been pointed out that the Tatsumi canal is an important cultural heritage peculiar to Japan, and an enginnering masterpiece by a genious engineer Hyoshiro Itaya who supervised the construction using the simplest possible instruments and methods elaborated by his careful design and enormous effort. A guiding principle in future management of the Sai river has been proposed. This makes it possible to improve the Sai river in harmony with the ecological system as well as all the product of human activities such as the Tatsumi canal.

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Recently urban and rural planning decision makers have often required opinions and ideas of inhabitants in the formulation of their respective plans. At the same time we should consider how to evaluate vague or subjective opinions of inhabitants appropriately. From such a viewpoint, the aim of this study is to propose a techinque for assessing vagueness of human opinions with utility for social measures. In this case, we apply this technique to evaluate the social preference for infrastructural development schemes. The social measure to be assessed are attributes with respect to amenity and culture. Some infrastructural development schemes in river basin of an urban area are examined. We propose the fuzzy contributive rule as a technique for evaluating the preferential scheme out of several infrastructure development alternatives. We construct the structural model of the preferences of each interest group on the basis of individual utility score. The degree of similarity and the defree of stability among group structural models are defined and by using these indexes actual models are evaluated.

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Plans for water and wastewater management systems are prepared with a long development time in mind. Over the period, a plan undergoes incremental alterations in its substance. These alterations are made, in general, with great emphasis on satisfying the prospective requirements in the coming years, but with little regard to the causes of unfulfillment of or of deviation from the original aspiration. This lack of retrospective analysis may lead to cumulative disorientation inthe plan. This paper makes a modest attempt to shed some light on retrospective analysis issues and methodologies.

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As an approach to clarifying a vision of appropriate water supply system which is suitable for conditions in Jakarta, this paper discusses following items:
i) actual situation of water supply system and role of public piped water supply in Jakarta
ii) natural and social background which make the actual situation come into existence
iii) measures which should be taken by the public water supply entreprise in the near future. Main conclusions are as follows:
i) There are several channels to get water, other than public water supply. People acquire water from different channels according to uses of water, their dwelling places and standards of living.
ii) Accessibility to groundwater is much different between places. Solvency for water supply is widely different between social classes. These two factors are main causes which hinder spread of unified public water supply.
iii) It is neccesary and urgent for public water supply enterprise to clarify charactors of their intended customer, considering coexistence with other channels.

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In this paper, as we consider that the solid waste treatment facilities should be aimed to harmonize with surroundings of the facilities, we investigate the conditions of regional harmonization for making consensus and focus our discussion on the condition for planning landscape related with constructing the facilities. Especially, we discuss two problems by systems approach, that is, firstly for the facilities how to make up and match the functions of infrastructure in the city, and secondly how to design confortable landscape considering the limitation caused by facility function. As one of the important conditions for regional harmonization, we should pay attention to the design of landscape considering the contorollable design factors of the facilities, and therefore we propose to integrate landscape intoplanning solid waste treatment facilities.

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Solid waste landfill process is a final process of waste management system, and this process makes lands. However, post-closure landfills contain polluted soils and wastes for long times. The closure criteria of landfills and the use of post-closure landfills have problems. In this paper, the following topics discussed.(1) Use and environmental problems of post-closure landfills, (2) Role of post-closure landfills management in social and enbvironmental system, (3) Responsibility for landfills manager and land users.

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Siting and operation of any high-technology-related facility would be accepted in regional society by means of appropriate hearing, conference and sufficient understanding of necessity/safty of the facility by citizens. In this paper the authors discuss risk management and risk communication in the event of incineration of hazardous PCB liquid in T. City. First, by reviewing the newspapers and public relations magazines, interviewing officials of local government and industries, the authors summarize incidents and events in chronology of societal dynamical process of cooperation/confrontation and self-reliance/coalition. Questionnaire survey was performed and requested to explain citizens consciousness to the high-technology-related facility and to indicate more appropriate program of risk mannagement/communication.
The several characteristics of risk management are found as in repeated open meeting for incentives to sufficient understanding and actions coping with and controling problems happenned in siting and operation. Risk communication among classified sector such as experts, local and central governments, citizens and mass media are analyzed by using multi-stage model of risk resolution. The results of quetionnaire show that citizens recognaize the necessity of high-technology-related facilities but, on the other hand, feel the danger of facility operation and inequity of siting of location. Effective actions, which contribute to improving public acceptance, are step-wise incineration practice with the plan-do-see cycle, faithful responses by the industry and local committee in accidents, and public involvement system based environmental monitoring system. It is found that feeling of “Not in my backyard” is relatively weakened by cautious excecutionof those.

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When one notices “sounds” in cities as one of the considerable perceptual qualities, what kind of cities does one desire? The goal of this study is to find a clue by investigating the actual condition in residential areas. On this research, we select four residential areas in Tokyo, and at three points each on three time zones (morning/noon/evening) we record sounds there to measure A-weighted sound pressure level, equivalent noise level, frequency with noise meter, and sound pressure level by using an oscilloscope, taking account of sound source, activity of each area, and surrounding conditions. The results are as follows: noise level has wider range in high class residential area; noon is the most silent in opposition to the environmental standards; interceptive effect by residences is approved. The conclusion can be made into three aspects. Firstly there is room for further consideration about environmental standards of sounds, especially a period of time. Secondly it is necessary to introduce environmental education to people to concern about sourrounding sounds. Thirdly city planning should consider structual elements to make good sound environments.

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Going with the rapid urbanization in recent years, there are many arguments about problems of life environment in the metropolitan area. Most of them were treated as a separate element of life environment because of its varieties. In this study, life environment as a whole unit for the cities along the Tokaido, Joban and Takasaki Lines was discussed. Environmental changes of separate elements and environmental characteristics in each city were studied. Environmental conditions were deteriorated in terms of comfort around 1980, whereas other elements remained in the level. Environmental characteristics were affected by local social conditions and distance to Tokyo. Although there are still many problems to treat environmental conditions as a whole unit at the present time, this method is believed to get important more and more in the future.

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In this research, the environmental elements, which must be considered in underground developments, are divided into inside influences and outside influences, the latter being classified into direct and indirect ones. The relationship between ground movements and damages of surface structures is discussed as an example in detail. As a result, the following two difficulties are clarified.(a) Because it is too difficult to give a definition of damage, “Standard of damages” must be select though it refers only to a part of the total damage.(b) The factors which cause damages are various, and it is hard to judge which factor has influenced on structures greatly. Then, most of damage events in the past cannot be directly related to ground movements and most environmental evaluation in underground developments is only made by calculation of the prediction values of ground water level change and subsidence and so on. In addition, the limitation of subsidence is vague and the influence on various natural and social environments is not considered. If some degree of ground movement occurs at a certain area, the impact on natural and social environments must be also evaluated and the limitation of environmental impact must be decided in harmony with natural and social environment.

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The roles played by the vegetation in urban area are tending to be diversified in recent years, gathering much attention as the important elements to form the urban scenery. The designation of scenic zone is one of the most common systems carried out for the purpose to maintion and promote the beautiful scenery in and around the city area. The scenic zone is designated by the investigation and analysis based on the desigantion requirement composed of 5 items. The items of analysis expand over the wide scope, and handling of huge volume of data is required for them. Our Reserch Laboratory used the digital image database for the analysis of designation factors and attempted to perform quantitative analysis.

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Our country could accomplish a remarkable economic growth in the sixties, but, on the other hand, it was accompanied with various environmental problems everywhere all over the country. In many ports existing in industrial zones, greater cities or inland seas, an air pollution, water pollution etc. were broken out by their construction works and their users' activities. So, effective countermeasures against these pollutions were asked by neighboring citizens. In the seventies, environment assessment was one of particular important measures. Ports Bureau, Ministry of Transport, promoted completion of technological manual together with all District Port Construction Bureaus and Ports Research Institute. This paper discusses an arrangement of assessment in port development, fundamental composition of the manual and application to both port planning and execution of construction works.

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Semantic environment design are to be based on common images on regional environment peceived by citizens.
Event management is requested to present relevant image of the city to participants. Public perception is guided by means of concept making in event management, that should be based on the following two points, 1)sharply focussing on the unity of the theme of the event, 2)diversion of introduced image of event by participants towards intimate their relationship to environment through direct experiences in the event.
We have planned three walking events on the Uemachi-hill. The 1st event with the concept of Sacred Sun implied the beautiful sunset cosmos to indicate eternal relationship between human and the sun. Bequathed greenery in shrines and temples in the 2nd event, and Dried-up springs in the 3rd event which have ever provided drinking water for people are regarded as major environmental resources through the action participants are expected to play as urban green-planter or water-deliveryman in the symbolic role-play game.
These three events clarify that sharp conversion and diversion of introduced images in the events contribute to participants actions towards consistent formulation of semantic images of the region.

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Marketing is the splendid systen of modern-society. Its systematical-control of production and consumption on the balance between supply and demand leads modestly-distribution. Despite, effect of markets disappeared on the condition of external-diseconomy, so-called “Market -failure”. On the other hand, Japanese economic-growth take place the congestion problem in urban-traffic. As to congestion-problem, it was presented consideration the payment for congestion. For all that, undoubtedly, congestion-payment is out of concerned for urban-traffic probrems. The objectives of this paper are to present total-system of urban-traffics.

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Environmental conservation in the global sense is supported by actions of life style innovation coupled with societal system management towards environmentally friendly set of life style and societal system. Life style, from the viewpoint of attitude to environmental constraints, is characterized by consciousness of limitation of environmental capacity, technological breakthrough and feasible societal restructuring. The courses of life style innovation have 1) actions of green consumers showing ideal ecological life and incremental practices, 2) three principal concepts related to limited capacity, nature friendliness, and global common, 3) enabling system in environmental education. This paper evaluated sound effects of actions of greening industries jointly developed with life style innovation; setting guideline of environmental responsible care, enhancing eco-business activities, and establishing eco-labelling system. Finally, the author emphasized increasing role of cooperative actions and partnership among citizens, government and business sectors.

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