It is well known that there are some distributional patterns of houses in rural areas. This paper presents a statistical method which explains the pattern by concentration indices, and applies the method to actual data of observations. The results are as follows. The concentration index is the effective method which explains the difference of distributional patterns. In case study, Saga and Hikawa-districts are presented as concentrated type and onethird of Tonami-district is presented as uniform type.

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The efficiency of wastewater treatment systems applied in low-densed areas was studied, by conducting statistical data analyses and questionaire survey. A new idea of “ external cost of water quality ” was proposed. The main results obtained were as follows.
(1) The population density in served area is decreasing from 230 cap/ha in 1961 to 85 cap/ha in 1989 and the annual treatment cost is increasing from 7, 000 yen to 45, 600 yen/household.
(2) By considering the external cost of treated-water quality, the merginal population density and length of sewer pipe beyond which collective systems are advantageous to individual treatment systems, was estimated to be 15m/house comparing to the original value of 11m/house.
(3) Although use of a flush toilet is principal for citizens, other factors like as troublesome maintenance and neighboring pollution caused by the facilities should also be considered.

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In the Present report, we have studied current and deep water in the forms of stream flow. This report provides a comparative study among improvement rivers, shinsui river (artificial rivers) and natural rivers from the characteristics view point of river hydraulic .We report on the results of comparison of the data from the measured values of shinsui rivers with the data from natuaral rivers. The results may be summarized as follows; Ecological condition of stream flow could be explained using a Froude's number and Reynolds'number. It is proved that there is an interesting hydraulic similarity between natural rivers and shinsui rivers, various stream flow of forms are not always flow rate.

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It was found that there existed a nonstationarity in the time series of annual rainfalls and the parameters of the normal distribution adopted as their populations, and the nonstationary hydrologic frequency analysis was tried by using the time series of those parameters. First, the existence of nonstationarity was verified from the slope of linear regression in the annual rainfall time series at Nagano, Matsumoto, Iida, Suwa and Karuizawa in the Nagano prefecture. Next, it is assumed that an annual rainfall obeys a normal distribution with two parameters (mean and variance) depending on time, and the existence of nonstationality was verified in those parameters in the same manner as mentioned above. Finally, the hydrologic variables with the return periods 5 and 30 years of nonexceedance during 200 years were estimated by the nonstationary hydrologic frequency analysis where the parameter regression lines were adopted. They did not change at Nagano, Matsumoto and Karuizawa, and decreased at Iida and Suwa depending on time.

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Field data obtained at Ara river flowing through metropolitan Tokyo area were analyzed to evaluate the effect of urban rivers on the microclimate of the adjacent city region. The data obtained at the fixed stations revealed that the temperature in the river course is usually low in the diurnal time of summer and is high in the nocturnal time of winter, compared with the ensembly-averaged temperature of the surrounding city region. It is observed that the temperature difference affects the temperature recorded at the stations which locate downwind area of the river, where the air is cooled in summer and warmed in winter. The data collected by using the captive balloons showed that the atmosphere exchanges heat with the water surface and the vegetated flood plains. It is found that the flood plain plays an important role in exchanging heat, especially in summer season. Computations of internal boundary layer which developes in the river course showed the formation process of the vertical temperature and humidity profiles.

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A common goal of western style near-nature riparian scheme and Japanese style riparian scheme is to achieve the harmonization of fluvial ecosystem including human activities. Characteristics of Japanese style riparian scheme may be summarizedby the full acceptance of superpower in nature, coexistence with aqua, and esteem of human life according to the divine principle. Moreover, Japanese style riparian acheme enhances photosynthesis in plants, so that it contributes to the reduction of carbon dioxide in the air, causing the current worldwide environmental problem.

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This thesis presents a planning strategy to facilitate the conservation of the natural environment of rivers that are subject to human activities.
Attached to this paper is a flow chart indicating the process to establish a design implementation programme for river projects. The flow chart is formulated from an environmental management perspective and consists of 2 parts:
-the classification of river sections on the basis of established criteria; and
-the selection of sites for specific design
This consept of river conservation planning is intended to facilitate the protection of the natural environment and to improve and enhance it in a step by step design programme.

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Recently, the importance of river environment has been increasingly recognized in Japan. However, there are scacely consideration for aquatic life. Moreover the judgement of amenity for fish remain also unsolved. For example, woodwork matress (mokkô-chinshô), wire cylinder (ja-kago) and gabion works (futon-kago) and others are superior conventional method of river constraction. These engineerings are also camfortable for fish, accoring to their porosity, water permeability and flexibility. But their unfit employment invited pass obstruction and scratches on fish. The present paper pursues a trial plan regarding the inspection of the relation betweeen river engineering and fish amenity.

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Fishes go up in the stream. On it, fishway is built to improve the steps which make it unable that fishes do. The way to rise is under the influ ence of what kind of fish, how growing and how fast the river flows. What size of earth and sand which flows into a stream in flooding, influences how broken buildings are. We set windows on the fishway for obser vation, and looked into how fishes acted.Wefond it broken after it was I ong time.And we gave it the way of slope to make it better.

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1) As a result of field investigations, it has cleared that concrete revetment river has less variety and smaller amounts of fish that normally inhabit rich aguatic plant habitats which in turn, slow the river flow, in comparison with a river of natural river bank (as time passed). And also, fish inhabit densities of concrete-revetment-river may be decreased about half in comparsion with un-improved/natural river which have aquatic plants, willow trees, rip-rap cobbles so on. 2) It could prove the importance of “uki-ishi-river-bed” (浮き石川床、unstable stream bed which is unsedimentary cobbles) for fish. Generally in the flood, lots of fish are flowed to down stream by flood because most fish can not resist the flow velocity at “shizumiishi- river-bed” (沈み石川床、stable stream bed which is sedimentary cobbles) which has not or cattail plants zone of river side. However, we could collect lots of fish using a casting cover nets from senter of river in flood at the Ta-river which is many uki-ishiriver-bed (because fish take refuge in to the uki-ishi-river-bed). 3) River improvement construction has promoted activity in construction of concrete revetment on the river side (which has come into wide use) in order to protect scouring caused by flood. However, river improvement producess an evil influence on the habitat of fish, due to the decreasing of rapids, pools and aguatic plants associated with these improvements. For the above reason, I carried out to improve the Construction “Method of Close-to Nature Type River” (多自然型河川工法) which is able to inhabit many kinds of fish according to rehabilitate inhabitable environment for fish.

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Deterioration of stormwater retention and infiltration functions in urbanized river basins causes rainfall outflow to increase.
Conventional measures for stormwater control have been implemented through river improvement and construction of storage ponds.
In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for improving the landscape and amenity function in waterfront spaces including storage ponds and rivers. To cope with this issue, it is basically necessary to preserve low water runoff systems in urban areas.
This paper describes a water environment creation plan which aims to preserve the low water runoff system of Hiratani River in the Hokusetsu Sanda Woody Town, under construction in Sanda City, Hyogo Prefecture, by installing underground rainwater storage facilities and utilizing the existing irrigation ponds with consideration to amenity enhancement and flood protection as well.

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In environmentally sound management of lake Kasumigaura, it is essential to summarize the information and data on the lake basin and to utilize them to analyze and evaluate various measures adopted. For this purpose, we are developing a computer-assisted system comprised of watershed database, watershed indices and models, and evaluation of measures. This system is applied to calculate some indices, environmental capacity of pig raising in the basin, and to evaluate the tendency of lake water quality based on the long-term monitoring data which is also stored in the database.

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In recent years, more interest has been paid to making environmental indices, through a synthesis of the various environmental data, for the purpose of understanding the environmental status of a region.
In this study, we have chosen the Seto Inland Sea region of Japan as our study area. We have set six environmental indices and analyzed the value of each index by using twenty-one environmental data factors. The region was divided into 207 municipal areas, which serve as the units for estimation, providing a detailed view of the study area. Using these environmental indices, a cluster analysis was performed on the entire region. These values were further classified into seven regions exhibiting similar environmental characteristics. The results were then used to create a map detailing the environmental characteristics of the region.

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ABSTRACT; This paper is designed to present the validity of using Large Scale Community Map for Enviromental Education, analyzing local people's responce at the map.
260 visitors of a school festival, held on Oct.19 and 20, 1992, made 365 remarks (only simple labeling are excluded), and 65 of them (17.8%) are concerning enviroment.
Answers of questionnaire indicates that people pay more attention to global or national scale problems than those of their own communities, such as, problems of garbage. Concerning people's behavior related to enviromental matter, the result are interpreted that they often adopt the way that they think it is good for enviroment in their daily life, sometimes try to get information, but not ready to get involved in social movements.
The advantages of using Large Scale Map as a teaching material for enviromental education are listed below.
(1) As the characteristics of a map itself, there are: (1)points (2) lines (3) surface (4)space
(2) Making remarks arouse people's: (1) attention to the community (2) affection to the community(3)attention to the general enviromental problems
(3) The situation provides:(1) fun (2) encouragement (3) communication

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This technical report shows the thinking of ecology concerning to the building elementto be the most foundmental constitute device of the urban environment.
This is as follows.
(1) The constraction to built in eco-polis must be ecological too.
(2) For thinking the harmonious when environment of ecology and amenity, it is very necessary to introduce new general ideas for ecological building.
(3)Eco-building means to liberate the mankind form ego-building not to consider the amenity or the ecology.
(4)Eco-building lives with nature. This means to environment with live (Earth sweet).

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Today, people pay a great deal of attention to creating more comfortable urban environments. In this respect, it becomes increasingly important to study urban design incorporating the concept of “Eco-System-sustainability and harmony”. In this report, we define the concept of urban eco-systems, and try to analyze how to approach “the Ecological Urban Design” with respect to the engineering issues.

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The environmental problems can primarily be traced back to population and resources, qualitative and quantitative factors of the lifestyles of the people.In order for us to establish sustainable society in future, it is essential to establish the recycling systems for the resources and energies, as well as to convert our habit of consumption from that of the mass consumption that of the lowest necessary level in the quantitative terms and establish the system for the selective utilization of the raw materials in the qualitative terms.
The concept of “Human ecorogical city”is based on the individual communities as the places of the people's lives, and each of such cities is primarily supposed to be a closed system comprising the systems for production, living and recycling.This concept is intended to be applied to the effort for developing the technological and social systems meeting the requirements of the human ecological city as a model of the community oriented for the optimum-scale, ideal security system and low consumption of resources mainly based on the concept of urban biospherics primarily advocated by the scientists of Arizona University.

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Concerning to the blasting explosion making use of the case of construct the tunnel, the dumm. the neighbourhood makes complaint many diffrent opinion about low frequency noise including audio frequency area. It is known that these complaint occurs particulaly depending on rattling of the fixtures or the rattling of a certain window glass into the house . On account of control or countermeasure low frequency noise caused by these rattling, We had reported to the result of M-sequence blasting explosion system on tunnel in Environmental System Research Vol.18 1990.This paper shows the result of field measurement on bench cut making use of Ordinaly blasting and M-sequence blasting.

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On global environment impact by acid precipitation, this paper projected anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emission by the end of next century, and discussed on its environmental effects. Comprehensive global environmental model, now we are developing, was applied in order to give quantitative aspects of the analysis. The amount of anthropogenic sulfur emission is ranged from 59TgS/y to 800TgS/y by the end of next century, corresponding to the prescribed social and economical scenarios. Land area where 22%-40% of total world people live is influenced from the view point of soil alkalinity depression. Population and economic growth variations, degree of eagerness of energy efficiency improvement as well as the direct effort on emission reduction greatly influence on the future global environment.

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Methane production in the environment has been recognized as an important factor for the global warming. It is also important as a process for self-purification in the polluted environment. In this study, the author isolated methanogenic bacteria which live in a lake sediment and investigated the methanogenic activity of the isolated bacteria. The author also studied the distribution of methanogenic activity in a lake sediment by using sediment samples which were obtained from each depth of the sediment, and temperature effects to the methanogenic activities. One coccus bacterial strain of methanogenic bacteria isolated from the lake sediment was a hydrogen utilizing methanogen. It was impossible to isolate acetate utilizing methanogen from the lake sediment because of the coexisting bacteria other than methanogens. There were many differences between hydrogen utilizing methanogenesis and acetate utilizing methanogenesis. Methanogenesis from hydrogen dominated in the lake sediment, especially in the deeper sediment. This methanogenic activity was also observed at low temperature. Methanogenesis from acetate was active at the upper sediment which contained much organic compounds, but not so high as methanogenesis from hydrogen.

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The world total of annual emission of CO₂ was 5.9 GtC in 1989, while its stock in the atmosphere was 750 GtC. If the annual emission continues to increase with a growth rate of 3 % over the next half century, the accumulated total emssion will be as much as 650 GtC. More than a half of it will remain in the atmosphere, and this increment enevitably will cause the climatic changes as predicted in the report of IPCC. If this total mass balance of CO₂ is considered, the global warming can not be prevented without strictly limiting the total amount of fossil fuels to be used over the long future time. In today's political climate of the world, it is difficult to achieve a unanimous international agreement on such limitations. Nevertheless, it would become necessary to establish a certain international framework to allocate the allowable limits of CO₂ emission to countries. For this purpose, this paper discusses the establishment of a new economic realm in which ecological values are properly incorporated in the markets. Special attention is given to the use of economic tools in environmental policies, such as environmental taxes or charges and tradable emission permits system of CO₂. Possibilities of introducing these tools are discussed according to the set of criteria prescribed by OECD, i.e., environmental effectiveness, economic efficiency, equity, administrative feasibility and public acceptance.

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The global warming induced by greenhouse gases due to human activities (especially CO₂) has become a grave concern for the mankind. The world depends 95% of its energy consumption on fossil fuels. This disrupts the natural climate balance, causing the long-term risk of global climatic changes. Most of the CO₂ emissions today is accounted for by industrialized countries. But, the CO₂ emissions of developing countries show a sign of increase, with their increasing population, and economic development. Industrialized countries should reduce their own emissions, but also provide supports for similar efforts by developing countries. Japan, in particular, should take initiatives to encourage environmental protection actions in Asian countries, whose economic power is expected to expand toward the next century. This study makes an analysis of the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in Asian countries (Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan, ASEAN countries, and India) with a view to depicting future scenarios of policy measures to be taken in order to achieve sustainable development in this region.

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This paper describes two aspects on the assessment of vulnerability of coastal zones to sea level rise; a framework of procedures and results of a case study for China. The Coastal Zone Management Subgroup (CZMS) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) proposed a world-wide project of the vulnerability assessment on a case study basis. CZMS also developed a common methodology and guidelines for this assessment, which consist of operational procedures of seven steps. These procedures are introduced in the first part of this paper.
A case study of vulnerability assessment was performed for Tianjin area located on the low-lying Bohai Bay Coast in China on the basis of the guidelines. In this case study, sea level rise of 0.3m and 1.0m, and additional rise by storm surge were considered as scenarios for future sea levels. Impacts on land area, population, assets, and economic activities were evaluated by analyzing geographical and socio-economic data and satelite remote sensing images. Fatal or very severe damages would occur in all the fields analyzed in the Tianjin area by the projected sea level rise.

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Support system for selecting and evaluating environmentally sound actions has the purpose of promoting so-called environmentally friendly actions in the basis of individuals, families, and groups. The basic thought in the system is that people have different character each other and that there are more suitable actions for each person to have.
This system consists of following subprocesses:
I :Estimation of the present energy consumption of the client, II :Establishment of the goal of reduced energy consumption, III :Analysis of internal character of the client, IV : Proposition of the environmentally sound action, V : Calculation of the reduced amount corresponding to action feasibility, VI: Comarison of the total reduced amount with the goal, VII : Presentation of the proposed feasible actions.

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将来ますます増加すると予測される産業廃棄物の石炭灰の有効利用を図るため, 石炭灰から経済的で容易に実施可能なゼオライト物質の合成方法を開発する目的で, まず, 関連する知見・技術の現在の状況を既存資料により調査した. 石炭灰の利用の現状, 石炭灰ゼオライト合成の報告事例, ゼオライトの吸着機能等に関する基礎的研究の状況などを概観し, 石炭灰ゼオライトの合成に対する今後の技術的課題について考察した.

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The purpose of this paper is to propose the urban-transport-system. First and foremost, the economic activities increase traffic, as a result the road are overcrowded with car and it follows that the car park illegal on the road. A parking lot construction program aiming at better is drawn up. One may therefore conclude that most of these actions have not been powerful and pervasive. It is clearly of considerable importance that car-mode is in need of parking space and road. It should be apparent from the above that the modal sift to subway and tram in down-town.

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In present environmental impact assessment method of exhaust emissions, only the concentration of emissions beside objective road are assessed. But in such cases, network traffic flows are affected by construction of a new road. In this study, a vehicular emission model is developed to evaluate the emission factors of diesel vehicles even in congested traffic flow. The time-velocity profiles in urban area are modeled by using unit velocity profile. And applications of these models to network traffic flow are described.

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Japan has huge demand for international freight container in order to maintain its own trade activities. It also generates thousands of container vehicle trips continuously around port area. The container vehicle, which is the biggest one in Japanese traffic, makes too much noise when it drives through cites near the port. This study analyzes the relatinoship between traffic noise and container vehicle trips.

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We report the outline of the traffic investigation for the environmental impact assessment of the Science Park that located in urban area. In 1985, we predicted and evaluated the traffic volumes at 22 links around the developping area before construction of the Science Park. In 1990, we measured the traffic volumes at the same links after completion of the Science Park. We compared the mesured value with the predicted value. The predictive average error ratio is 9.4 per-cent except several links around the new opened supermarket whitch we could not consider in our prediction.

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Questionaires were distributed to members of the Japanese Society for Environmental Studies to survay the current status of preservation of environmental and biological specimens in Japan, to obtain basic information for the Environmental Time Capsule project. General information has been compiled through summarizing the questionairs. A detailed data base should be compiled by addtional research to utilize the information for selection of candidates to be stored in the ET Capsule.

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At present surveying are carried out in accordance with survey law and enforcement regulation of survey law on the developmental areas, technical standards and satisfy to observation accuracy. However for surveying of the future the time has now arrived when the civil engineer must satisfy not only the persons concerned in the development, but also the neighbouring residents, by providing value-added surveying in order to meet today's demand for the preservation of natural environment, landscape design and environmental conditions.

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In view of environmental systems, this paper aims at proposing a scientific and positive evaluation technique in sludge dewatering as viewed from both quantity and quality of the filtrate obtained without sludge conditioning. The contents are as follows: (1) Through a multivariate analysis of variance, the optimum condition which produces the maximal quantity of filtrate is determined under the condition of the three dewatering factors, that is, type of filter cloth, sludge thickness, and filtration pressure in both pressure and vacuum filters.(2) In terms of the filtrate quality, both the pressure filter and the vacuum filter are compared.(3) With respect to both the pressure filter and the vacuum filter, the trade-off relationships between the speed of filtration (quantity of filtrate) and filtrate quality are determined. By means of the mean values of the ranking numbers weighted by Japanese effluent standards, the correlation coefficients for the relationships are determined, and these values are compared with those values based on the mean values of non-weighted ranking numbers.

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Growing concerns over the global warmining issues call for actions on the local level. Many local governments have started to study their responsibilities and roles for reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Various analyses were conducted to estimate the amount of energy consumption and the associated emission of carbon dioxide in cities and prefectures. Most of their interest, however, was confined to the improvement of energy efficiency or reduction of fossil fuel use in their jurisdiction. But today, cities (or regions) do not exist as a self-supportive system. They are incorporated in a gigantic framework of the globalized world economy. Therefore, production of goods and services in a city requires two different forms of energy. The first is the “direct” energy, or the net input of primary energy such as oil, coal, natural gas and solar radiation. The second is the “indirect” energy, or the energy embodied in the goods and services that are imported from the outside and used for production of new goods and services in the city. This paper presents a new energy accounting method applicable for small regions in a nation such as cities or prefectures. The method is based on the conventional input-output model, but it takes into account the energy that is embodied in the goods and services imported from the outside. Several cases are assumed for the system boundary between the region under consideration and the outside world. The calculation according to this method is carried out for four different prefectures and cities, i.e., Aichi Prefecture, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka City and Yokohama City. Then, implication of the results obtained under different boundary conditions is discussed.

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Structure of energy consumption in seven large cities in Japan was analyzed and compared. Urban activity was divided into four sectors, namely manufacturing, household, transportation, and commercial sectors. Consumption of oil, gas, coal and electricity in each sector was estimated in each of seven cities from 1980 to 1989. Existing statistics describing fuel or electricity consumption of each city were surveyed. Use of national average value of enrgy consumption was avoided so that characteristics among each city could be estimated. Beside total energy consumption per urban area, energy consumption in household, commercial, manufacturing and transportation sector per residential area, commercial area, industrial area and total urban area, respectively, were calculated. Energy consumption in each sector per population engaged was also calculated for each city. The developed method is satisfactory to evaluate the characteristics of energy consumption among different cities.

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Energy consumption in urban areas is increasing with expanding population and human activities. With this, physical structure of urban land surface is subject to rapid changes due to construction of higher buildings, increasing concrete covers, decreasing wooded areas, etc. This causes climatic changes in urban areas, such as the rise in average temperature, formation of heat islands and dry weather. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between the physical structure of cities and their thermal characteristics, and thereby to obtain practical information for controling the thermal environment in cities. The onedimensional energy budget model developed by Atwater was applied to calculate interface temperature in Fukuoka City area. The computation was performed by changing parameter values of albedo, roughness height and moisture availability, and the effect of these parameters and boundary conditions was examined. Surface temperature computed by the model was compared with the brightness temperature obtained by remote sensing data (LANDSAT TM and NOAA).

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Infrastructures have been constructed to improve the urban life circumstance. They, however, spend much fossil energy and natural resources for their construction and O & M. In consequence, some risk and environmental issues may take place, so that we should pay attention to saving of energy and resources on them. A new evaluation method, based on energy conservation and friendly technologies of the global environment, is necessary to discuss present and future infrastructures. The purposes of this study are to learn actual states of the energy aspect on sewage works in Japan and to investigate a selecting/evaluating strategy of possible wastewater treatment alternatives in response to site specification . In this study, the energy consumption rate to unit volume of treated wastewater is evaluated for each unit process of wastewater treatment plants in Japan. Power generation using sludge digestion gas and heat recovery from treated wastewater are also discussed for estimating the energy recovery in wastewater treatment plants. Based on the results, a feasibility study on constructing a wastewater treatment system is also carried out, employing an economic costing function . As a result, an evaluated strategy of a feasible treatment system applicable to site specification is shown by use of an economic costing function of construction and O & M on sewage works in Japan.

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During a decade from 1975 to 1985, the zone of daily high temperature in Nohbi Plain, Central Japan, shifted from the city center of Nagoya toward its inland suburbs. Through numerical simulations, the mechanism of this phenomenon has been clarified as horizontal heat transport by the sea breeze which is heated up over newly urbanized area near the coast. Direct effects of the increase in artifical heat source on the regional-scale temperatures were found to be rather negligible.

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This paper studied the characteristics of heat exhaust of Tokyo Metropolis. Heat exhaust recently caused heat island phenomena, one of the urban environmental problems. First we investigated the heat exhaust structure from the viewpoint of heat exhaust load per unit energy consumption through analysing the statistics regarding energy use in the metropolis and clarified the relation between the energy use and the heat exhaust. Second we calculated the hourly fluctuation of heat exhaust on a summer day by assuming 24 hour consumption fluctuation curves of electric power, city gas and petroleum products. The study indicated the total heat exhaust of Tokyo. Metropolis, 2.1×10⁸ Gcal/year, and the distribution of the exhaust which strongly concentrate in the center of the metropolis. Furthermore the heat exhaust of the four central wards exceeds 100 W/m² on time average and hourly fluctuates between 30 W/m² and 130 W/m².

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An energy budget model is developed to quantify the effects of the energy consumption and land cover on the surface air temperature in Tokyo metropolitan area. The model has several factors such as albedo, relative humidity, roughness height, heat capacity, and thermal diffusivity which take the values depending on the land use. The distribution and diurnal variation of anthropogenic heat release rate are given based on the limited data available.
The simulated surface air temperature by the present model agrees favorably with the two set of AMeDAS data observed in mid-summer and winter with weak general wind. The analysis of heat transport process for each land use has shown that the air temperature in urban areas increases due to the decrease in humidity, particularly in daytime. It is also shown that the increase of energy consumption enhances the air temperature level through the intensification of turbulent diffusion process.

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Energy budgets at the air/ground interface were measured and analyzed for various pavement materials on summer days. The surface temperature, heat storage, and its subsequent emission to the atmosphere were significantly greater for asphalt than for concrete or bare soil. At the maximum, asphalt pavement emitted as additional 150W/m² in infrared radiation and 50W/m² in sensible transport compared to a bare soil surface.
Analysis based on a parallel layer model indicated that most of the infrared radiation from the ground was absorbed within 200m of the lower surface layer, affecting the air temperature near the ground. With a large temperature gap across the ground surface, in addition to a high surface temperature, the rate of infrared absorption over asphalt was greater by 60W/m² than the rate over soil or concrete, a figure comparable to the absorption by sensible transport.

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We propose an “Adaptive Metamorphosis Building (AMB)”, which adapts itself to change in the society, enviornment around the building and demand on the building over its life span. It can alter its size, recycle its structural materials and change its functions or layout easily. Thus, its total life is longer than that of present buildings, and ideally, the AMB can be a semi-permanent building. Then, we introduce its design condition and needs(demand and requirement), which constraint the shape or development of the AMB. Finally, we study how to determine the structural shape so that its structural stability is maximized and the design conditions are satisfied.

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The monetized evaluation of environmental amenity resources of coastal areas was studied. The following principles are recommended for the management of the environmental resources. 1) In city areas, positive creation of amenity facilities by private sectors is applicable. 2) In the buffering zone, new types of leisure relating primary industry are to be developed. 3) In natural areas, the development of artificial resort facilities should be considered carefully, and the cost for natural conservation had better be paid to the primary industry in the buffering zone. In respect of economical evaluation of resources, 1) By willingness-to-pay method, the value of Hakata Bay was estimated to be 35 billion yen/year. 2) The value of Hakata Bay decreases by half after artificial uniformation of coastal line. 3) The monetized value of water quality improvement was estimated to be 70 billion yen a year. 4) The value of the natural cost(1-10 billion yen) can be calculated from the degree of requirement of conservation and unit cost of reconstruction. Further study is needed for more precise evaluation.

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The aim of this paper is to make clear the meaning of river names and road names, and to introduce the impotance of their names as an information of the regional environment. We selected 110 rivers and 150 roads in Ibaraki Prefecture and classified their names by the comparative method with “koaza” - a small place name -. As a result We understood their names have a close relationship to the regional characteristics of the geografy, social and industrial activities and landmarks.

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There is a great difference between the aspect of sound environment measured physically and that recognized by each people.
Formerly, it was considered that physical and objective descriptions of environment were more excellent. However, the people's actions to their environments are determined by the environment images recognized by themselves. And the environments of next generation will be made by today's daily actions of people. So, it can be said that people's subjective recognition to the environment play an important role.
Now I study the meaning and the role of subjective descriptions of sound environment by using examples of “Making Sound Map” and “Contest of Stillness”.

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To clarify the characteristics of the perceived risk derived from the activities in the environment, questionnaire survey were carried out. 33 of the urban activity with risk derived from chemical exposure, the way of living and the urban metabolic system were selected. The descriptors to analyze the characteristics of these risk were the degree of experience, the degree of offered information, perceived usefulness and so on. SAS statistical program package were used to make tabulations and to score the values of each descriptor. Voluntariness to the exposure of these risks and belongingness to the environment was made sure to be the key mediator of the risk acceptance. Results obtained were as follows;
(1)Most respondents much weighed perceived risk than actual risk as to each risk from the point of personal experience of it.
(2)Involuntariness exposed to the activity and passively exposed risk from them were roughly considered as risky situation owing to the lack of the offered information.
(3)Representative chemical risk such as microcontaminants in water, agrochemicals mercury, and acid rain were both risky and beneficial domain. Though the trade-off between the perceived risk and the perceived benefit of these activities were not analyzed enough clear, especially passively exposed chemical risk were inclined to get near the region of risky and useless.

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In the high advanced-technological society, toxic chemicals are build in the consumers' goods, which result in chemicals release into the environment and accumulated potential risk. In order to predict the impacts, the authors construct Life Cycle Ranking System (LCRS) for product life cycle. In this paper, the GaAs which is compound semiconductor and phosphoric ester which is flame retarding chemicals are estimated. LCRS evaluate the magnitude of potential risk relatively by means of multipling the degree of chemicals release in the environment through each product life cycle step and magnitude of chemical hazard per unit exposure. The difficulty of political alternatives in the stages of production, recovery of disused goods, seperation and disposal of toxicant chemicals is evaluted as social cost by ranking. The result of assessment shows that rise of collecting rate brings rise of potential risk of GaAs in the case of recovery system of the electric household durable goods for only the circulation of resources. Separating GaAs from production certainly decreases chemical risk and increases difficult of the stage of production, separation and disposal. It is found that the difference between decrease of the amount of phosphoric ester used in the consumer's good and the amount of release into environment by recycle of plastic makes chemical risk decreased and the extention of kind of reused parts composed in consumer's goods increases difficulty of thestage of production.

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After the so called “resort law” was enacted in 1987, construction booms of new resort areas took place throughout the country. This movement has caused environmental disruption in many places, giving rise to various social problems and confusions concerning the objectives and the meaning of “resort area development”. With such situation in mind, this study took up the Genkai Recreation and Resort Area Development Plan presented by Fukuoka Prefecture, and conducted a questionnaire survey concerning the people's desire for the resort area development and their consciousness about its possible impacts to their living environment. It was found that people's appreciation of the environmental quality of their living areas was largely determined by their satisfaction with the state of public services and infrastructure systems currently available to them. Those who lived in countryside cities and towns tended to be less satisfied with their environmental conditions, making them prefer development rather than enviromental preservation. With respect to the content of desirable resort lives, people's dominant idea was a short-time or one-day family trip to recreational facilities rather than a long-time stay in a certain place to enjoy its good natural environment. People's idea about “resort life” as suggested by this survey seemed immature compared with that in European countries. Fundamental change in people's working habit and values would be essential to disseminate true resort lives in Japan.

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A system development for predicting water environments in the metropolitan area of the early 21th century was investigated. The objective area consists of Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gumma, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa and Yamanashi, and the objective watershed includes R.Tonegawa, R.Arakawa, R.Tamagawa, R.Tsurumigawa and R .Sagamigawa. In the beginning, we tried to make several future scenarios in 2025 based on social trends and assumed policies . Input variables that should be substituted to the simulation models were calculated from these future scenarios. A simple submodel was used to simulate the pollutant loading into Tokyo Bay, and a fuzzy model was studied to predict the water quality in several small rivers. By using these simulation results, we could estimate many effective political alternatives to protect the metropolitan water environments in future.

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