Modeling of heating and evapotranspiration processes in the plant canopy requires knowledge about plant physiology. The model for heating and vapor transfer in the plant canopy in this paper consists of a sub-model for radiation transfer in the plant canopy, a sub-model for the heating of the canopy, a sub-model for the transport of water in the root-stem-leaf system, and a sub-model for the evapotranspiration in the plant. The model successfully reproduced observation results. However, the computed results also depends on the shape of forest.

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Flowering dates of Prunus yedoensis observed by the Meteorological Agency were investigated for changes of latitudes. Flowering dates of normal year at the sites among the regions from 31°N. L. to 35°N. L. at a leading part in the Pacific coast were hardly different from each other. At northern regions above 35°N. L, flowering dates did not advanced as gain for latitude. Flowering dates changed year by year. At northern regions of Japan, Flowering date in the mild winter were earlier than that in normal year. On the other hand, Flowering date in the mild winter were later than that in normal year at southern regions. Effects of the winter chilling on the release for dormancy of flower buds in Prunus yedoensis were-investigated. There were negative relationships between the numbers of chilling days and the daily mean temperature at flowering days. Dormancy was not released in the midwinter days whose daily mean temperatures were below 0°C.

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Screening experiment was made on 41 species in the flora on the Tama River for their initial growth using the hydroponic culture method under controlled light and temparature conditions. Species distributed in lowland had higher RGRs (relative growth rates) than those on sites high fron water level, and species with green shade effect had higher RGRs than those having no such effects. It is necessary in Japan to understand distinct features of plants in the flora through screening in order to proceed with creation of nature-oriented river environments.

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To mitigate destruction of the Aster kantoensis population in the floodplain of the Tama River (Futyu City, Tokyo, Japan) by constructionof a bridge, Asterkantoensiswas transplantedby gathering its seeds and sowing them. Its survival rate in new sites was lower than the record in a preliminary experiment. This was presumably due to loss of safe sites for the seedling as voids in gravel were filled with sand.

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The authors tried to clarify the relationships between space units and biotic communities of man made off-stream ponds by a case study. An experimental pond excavated in the reed wetland located in Mitinoku Lakewood National Government Park, Miyagi Prefecture, north-east part of Japan. The construction work completed in March of 1996. Both aboitic and biotic condition data were collected from July 1996 toFebruary 1997. Consequently, four different types of space units were identified as followings.
(1) type 1; shallow, high speed stream, gravel bottom
(2) type 2; shallow, low speed strem, sand botto
(3) type 3; shallow, extremly low speed stream, mud bottom
(4) type 4; deep, extreamly low speed stream, mud bottom.
These four types of space units were identified mainly by stream velocity and depth of water. And each types had their own species composition of benthic fauna classified by life forms. Identification andmapping of physio-bio (phyisiological and biological) space units are useful for management or recreation of ponds and streams for benthic fauna.

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The preserved or vegetated aquatic plant community will offer refugia of the largebodiedzooplankters from their visual predator. Large-bodied zooplankters graze phytoplanktonintensively and increases water clarity. This study was carried out on artificial pond with preservedemergent macrophyte community (Typha angustifolia). The results reveals that density of largebodiedcrustaceans were higher in the vegetation in than open-water.However, it was variablre inspecies and season. Large-bodied limnetic species cladocera were harvoured when emergent vegetationwas well developed, whereas large-bodied littoral species cladocera were harvoured constantly.These species are important phytoplanton grazer.
On the basis of results, we discussed this phenomena is related to growth of vegetation. Finally, wecould evaluate the aquatic ecosystem structure and role of the vegetation.

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Numbers of bird species were counted in four Japanese gardens at Chiran town, Kagoshima Prefecture, from December 1992 to December 1993 every four weeks. The conditions of the place where birds came flying werestudied. Total number of bird species discovered in the gardens were twenty one. Among the birds, following eight species abounded in the gardens; Passer montanus, Hypsipetes amaurotis, Zosterops japonica, Emberiza spodocephala, Parus major, Cettia diphone, Turdus pallidus and Dendrocopos kizuki. Structures and set of conditions in the garden chosen by birds depended on bird species. H. amaurotis and Z. japonica mainly chose the surface of the tree crown of Camellia japonica with nectar-bearing flowers for feeding. E.spodocephala, C. diphone and T. pallidus chose the structures inner hedge and pollarded shrubs which were not crowded by leaves and stems for resting. P. major and D. kizuki chose the one standing high trees for feeding insects and resting. All species did not choose narrow spaces crowded by leaves and stems, such as Rhododendron indicum pollard

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In order to harmonize the urban land use system with ecologically sound wildlife system, it is necessary to identify the various characteristics of spatial linkage among the different types of biotopes. The design scheme to evaluate spatial linkages of biotopes is proposed in this paper. First, a comprehensive table of 13 biotope types is presented which enables us to recognize visually the spatial linkage by the combinations of biotope types. Secondly, 22 ecological indicators which represent the species living in similar environmental conditions are selected. The ecologically important combinations of biotopes are evaluated by specifying biotopes where the indicators live for the purpose of bleeding, feeding and taking a rest. Thirdly, in the elementary experimental survey in and around the urban ecological park, existent combinations of biotope types in 1956, 1977 and 1995 are analyzed by means of mapping the spatial distribution of biotopes. The ratio of existent combination to total kinds of combination for each ecological indicator is calculated as the way to realize the transition of spatial linkage of biotopes. Finally, the integrated spatial linkage of biotopes is assessed by classifying the combination according to variety of high, middle and low level of niche. Moreover, the guideline of environmental restoration planning is discussed.

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Nowadays, ponds in urban parks as habitats of plants and animals are strongly required in order to maintain biodivesity. The authors investigated on present and past situation of aquatic plants and structure of ponds in urban parks by questionnaires which sent to management staffs of urban parks. 160 sample data from all parts of Japan. were analyzed for clarifying relationships between aquatic plants and some factors of ponds' structures.
Consequently, following relationships became cleared.
(1) Approximately 30% of ponds are made with waterproof sheets and area of them are limited below mostly 10, 000² The main reason that ponds' area are limited is difficulty of water supply.
(2) Most of the substratum of natural or semi-natural ponds are mud or silt in contrast that gravel used in man made (artificial) ponds.
(3) More than 50% of ponds have only hygrophyte and emerged plants. On the other hands floating plants and benthophyte disappeared in many ponds though they were existed in past. It is considered that floating plants and benthophyte are sensitive for environmental impacts such as eutrophication.
(4) Four structural factors; area of ponds, waterproof, structure of ponds' shore, and origin of ponds are related each other. Also certain relationship between hygrophyte or emerged plants and area of ponds or structure of ponds' shore are recognized. However, these kinds of relationships are not exist between hygrophyte or emerged plantsand waterproof or origin of ponds.

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We created the small type biotop on the building roof for the experiment at Itabashi ward, Tokyo. The biotope was composed of shallow pond, marsh, bank and shrubbery. And it was planted three species of aquatic plants at pond and marsh, and five species of fruit and flowering trees at shrubbery. The bank was made by vegetation blocks stripped from Miscanthus sinensis and Inperata cylindrica meadow at Higashimatsuyama city, Saitama Prefecture. As a result, wild scenery with diverse over forty species of wild plants was formed on the building roof; the vegetation of Cyperus iria and Cyperus difformis at the marsh, Typha orientalis in the pond. Five species of dragonflies flew and established at the biotope. Aquaruis paludum and Papilio xuthus were the same. In adittion, five species of birds and some species of insects involving butterflies and grasshoppers flew into the biotope. These results are considered that the ecosystem based on feed chains was formed on the building roof in the city.

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This study proposes a new method to evaluate fish habitat in rivers. IFIM established in the United States is the most popular method but there are some problems in its application to rivers in Japan. The problems are owing to the difference of river environments between Japan and the United States. Compared to the United States, rivers are short, river environments change rapidly, and river ecosystem is complicated in Japan. So the evaluation method of fish habitat must be different. Proposed new method includes two main processes. The first is to make bar graphs from fish preference curves. The second is to evaluate the river environment not for only one species but for several species of fish. At the end of this study, one concept is proposed about how to take the river ecosystem in consideration in river planning.

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Urbanization changes the runoff process artificially, and flood disaster tends to occur frequently even by a small rainfall. Neya River Basin, the low plain of Osaka Prefecture, is one of the areas where the rapid urbanization has been advanced. The local government has proceeded with the plan practically to prevent the basin from flood disaster due to three strategies; drainage works, storage works, and infiltration function. However, even if this project would be completed by planning age around 2010, the control agrees just in 40 years of the return period.
This paper firstly discusses the efficiency and availability of the main water facilities for flood control by the model rainfall, especially focusing on the time-depend characteristics of water storage and cut-off effect of peak flood discharge. Then the possibility of practical control concerning flood control and water reuse is studied in order to get the higher stage of water environment expecting the safety and amenity simultaneously in the middle of 21 Century.

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Drinking water quality in Phnom Penh in Cambodia were measured from October to November in 1996. Samples were collected from a rural village (6 samples), a main water treatment plant in Phnom Penh City (5 samples) and tap water of Phnom Penh City (18 samples). In all samples except a well water (Its depth is about 40m) collected in the rural village contained many bacteria and coliform group bacteria, which exceeded WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water. The analytical results the samples from the water treatment plant showed that solid both suspended and soluble, and organic compounds in raw water were well removed in the treatment process and that bacteria and coliform group bacteria in the outlet water of the plant were fully disinfected by chlorine gas. But in the tap waters in Phnom Penh, bacteria and coliform group bacteria were detected so frequently. Their average TOC (5.6 mg/L) was much higher than that of the outlet water of the water treatment plant, which is understood that the outlet water of the plant was polluted in the distribution system of the city. The maximum, minimum andaverage of TOX in the tap waters is 127 (μg/L), 39, 86, respectively. The amount of THMs occupied 11% of that of TOX.

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Natural coastal zones have been artificially transformed into urban areas for industrial and port facilities during the rapid economic growth period. As the industrialization stage gets matured, waterfront developments currently altered their objectives from simpleindustrial developments toward multi-purpose urban project for recreational use or varied urban activities. Project plans, accordingly, have to face social investigation not only from industry-oriented perspectives, but also from wide standpoints for long-term social costs and benefits. In this study, environmental costs and benefits for Tokushima Airport Expansion Projects are evaluated by the Contingent Valuation Method and Travel Cost Method, based on the questionary surveyin the neighboring beach, Tsukimigaoka. Social surplus for each environmental improvement plans including natural mitigation are tentatively evaluated and compared by cost-benefit ratio. The following are found from the numerical analysis. First, various questionary methods are effective to measure different portions of environmental value. Secondly, environmental and public goods with functional and conceptural relation to with the present natural property have higher WTP prices. Finally, a natural beach retroration project is more cost-effective than other infrastructure constructions.

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Great concerns are now emerging over China's future food security as its rapid economic growth might have adverse impacts on food supply and demand in the world. In this paper, the regression model of crop yield (kg/ha) in the scale of county is presented, which takes into account the agricultural technology and climate factors, such as the consumption of chemcal fertilizers, the rate of irrigation, the total power of agricultural machinery, temperature, precipitation and sunshine. Based on the relations between the above factors and the expected economic growth, scenarios for these factors and cultivated areas are set for the years 2000, 2005 and 2010. Then an estimation of grain production all over the country is made according to these scenarios. The results show that total grain production in China will arrive at 520 million tons in 2000 and will stay at this level for ten years or more thanks to the increase in crop yield as the result of agricultural technology development despite the decline in cultivated areas.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate climate change impacts on crop production, which will be the basic information of analyzing world trade of agricultural commodities, and to help decision makings against potential uncertain problems. In this paper, we calculated change in potential productivity of rice, winter wheat and maize (tropical cultivation) between in 1990 and in 2100 based on the 11 GCM outputs combined with several CO2 emission scenarios and probable range of global temperature increase. Calculation was conducted by using a potential crop productivity model. The results were aggregated into 30 countries/regions. The direct effects of increasing CO2 concentration (CO2 fertilization) as well as the impacts due to global warming are considered. The major outcomes of the model calculations are summarized as follows:
1) Considering CO2 fertilization, the potential productivity of rice and maize will increase in 2100 under the changed climate. As for winter wheat, regions at high latitudes gain higher yield and those at low latitudes loses its yield. Especially decrease in the productivity of winter wheat in India region may be serious.
2) Comparing results with CO2 fertilization and those without it, it was found that most part of increases in potential productivity of rice and maize are derived from CO2 fertilization, not so much from climate change.

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In this paper, we report some projections of carbon dioxide emission and its reduction in Japan using an end-use type energy model. The projected emission in year 2010 becomes 402.1MtC/a, 443.6MtC/a in year 2020, and 489.2MtC/a in year 2030, compared with 320.0MtC/a in year 1990. While, with suitable countermeasure to reduce the emission, it becomes 300.6MtC/a in year 2010, 290.8MtC/a in year 2020, and 300.4MtC/a in year 2030. The additional net cost for this reduction is negligible compared with the gross energy cost and gross investment cost for energy devices.

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This paper will try to explore the theoretical possibilities of multi- layered semiotic model of aesthetic cognition of environment, based on analysis of ‘décollage’ surfaces found in underground New York. Distinctive features and social implications of these surfaces will enable us to relate them to the environment and select them as an environmental aesthetic model, as well as to see how closely environmental aesthetics is related to semiotic systems. We will try to illustrate their interpretation from both structural point of view, by identifying structure, and text- semiotical (post- structural) point of view, who's focus is on text as an infinite set of structures. Based on these two differences of reading, we will stress on the productive activity of signification, with aim towards redefinition and expanded signification of environment.

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In spite of its necessity, constructions of large scale infrastructure become difficult gradually.One reason of the difficulty is caused by the residents' fear of worse influence on nature and ecology. Also their uncertainty of the project's effect and influence on the attachment of their daily life might be other reasons, although they've almost understood the importance of the project.
The problem of residents' attitude above, could be understood as a problem of gaps between their expects and outlook of projects. The purpose of this paper is to make clear the residents' expect and suspect to infrastructure projects which may be different in each project stage.
From those analysis residents were classified in two types of group. The people who consider water, fish in river, habitat of birds and animals and their dear scenery important, have almost understood the public benefits. However they tended to have less understand about the benefits for people of downstream area.

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This studies suggest The Nature Circle (N. C.). This index is a fundamental index, and can utilize it in the development evaluation of natural area. N. C. is the greatest circle that is drawn not to contain the development place. N. C. is made on an enough numerical point in an area. We can evaluate scale and influence of development in natural area by observing a radius and an area of N. C., According to five factors which let index value change, we showed a characteristic of index value by observing a condition of change of index value. We measured index value next as an object place Mt. Fuji foot, and considered the effectiveness of index.

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Workshop is worthy of note as a creative and useful method to realize comfortable urban environments. This paper analyzes the changes of environmental attitudes and co-operative minds of participants in “Yacho no Mori (Bird Park) Workshop” in Mino City, Osaka Pref. First, hypothetical process for changing co-operative minds and environmental attitudes was designed, which is participants' attitudes improve through understanding environment characteristics, as well as co-operating with “other participants” in the workshop. Secondly those improvement processes were verified by a text analysis method of data from participants review sheets. Finally, process design of environmental workshop was discussed.

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Ecological cartography was developed in order to visualize the spacial characteristics of urban climatic conditions. The maps were made using data obtained from a questionnaire. Using these data, we performed an analysis on the scale of street corners for Kumamoto City. This study was conducted in five districts that were 300m×300m in size. Questionnaires were sent to the residents in these districts in order to investigate the relationship between their perceptions about the local climatic conditions in their neighborhoods and their energy consumption for household heating and air conditioning. The results showed that these two factors had fairly good correlation.

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In this study, the impacts of the construction on the micro-climate of the open space were compared and evaluated by field observation. Four kinds of field observation about micro-climate were carried out in the open spaces at Hongo Campus of the University of Tokyo and office area in Chiyoda Ward. Accordingly environmental conditions which were building density, building orientation, enclose type building and presence of thermal pollution were varied. It was made clear through this study that the thermal conditions of open spaces depend strongly on the layout of buildings and components such as vegetation, open water and so on. The application of this study to designing open spaces in developments is also discussed.

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This study presents quantitative analyses of the relationships among small-scale urban climatic conditions, residents, perceptions about their living environments, their lifestyles, and domestic energy consumption. The questionnaire surveys were conducted in Fukuoka City and Ohnojyo City for collecting relevant data necessary for the analyses. First, the relationship between the ecological consciousness of the households and their energy consumption in terms of monthly usage of electricity, gas, and kerosene was investigated, and a good correlation was found among these factors. Then, a more detailed analysis using quantification theory III and the multivariate analysis was made in order to take into account the detailed characteristics of the households. It was found that “eco -conscious” households consumed less energy than “eco-indifferent” households.

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We conducted a life cycle assessment for the subway system in Fukuoka City. We estimated the direct and indirect energy requirements necessary for the construction of subway tunnels using the actual design and specification data such as the amount of basic materials, fuels and machines used for construction. We studied three different construction methods: cut and cover, mountain, and shield tunnelling. The estimated per length energy requirements of the tunnels constructed by these three methods are 4, 900 TOE/km, 6, 900TOE/km, and 10, 300TOE/km, respectively. These values are roughly proportional to the per length construction cost of the tunnels. The total energy required for construction is almost 14 times as large as that required annually for the operation and maintenance of trains and stations.

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Recently, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been applied to the environmental evaluation for industrial products. The research for application of LCA to planning of infrastructures has been started by many research organizations.
Although one of important characters of LCA is that LCA is a method for the multi-criteria evaluation, environmental categories which have been evaluated on Infrastructure-LCA practices are mainly limited to energy resource depletion and CO² emission. The main reason is the difficulty in getting necessary information about life-cycle environmental loads of productsor materials which are used in infrastructure construction and maintenance in general.
The purposes of this study is to research the calculation method of the life cycle environmental loads of main products, materials and resources used in inventory analysisof Infrastructure-LCA and to introduce multi-criteria evaluation to Infrastructure-LCA.

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In urban area of developing countries, environmental deterioration caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) has been increasingly endangering humans' health condition. Establishment of appropriate MSW management is mostly urgent matter. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of anaerobic digestion (AD) technology as a technical option in MSW management. It was suggested that fuelwood overgrazing from nearby surroundings resulted in deforestation and soil erosion. Different from developed countries, this region fulfills the conditions of climate and MSW characteristics for dissemination of this technology, but can not afford the incineration yet. Opposed to our expectation, AD technology was proved to meet some extent ofhousehold energy demands in urban areas, and thus can partially contribute fuelwood saving for most of Asian developing countries.

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Recently, the problem of solid waste is more and more serious in urban area. In considering this problem, it is important to make clear the solid waste generation structure. In this study, we cleared the present condition and time series change about municipal solid waste in Tokyo metropolis, then made amodel for its generation structure applying System Dynamics (SD) model. This model is composed of six sectors, which are the space of living, the population growth, the economic and industrial activities, the solid waste generation, solid waste treatment and disposal, and recycling sectors. The quantity of municipal solid waste is calculated by the sum of the products of combustible, noncombustible, bulky, and carried-in waste. Atfirst, we showed the suitable SD model to describe the past variation of generated municipal solid waste during 18 years after a lotsof model calibration. The second, we proposed the advanced SD model, by which we can consider the solid waste treatment and disposal, and also waste recycling. As the results of scenario analysis of recycling situations by this model, we can investigate the waste reduction effects in the future. Our proposed method will be effective in order to make the municipal solid waste treatment and disposal planning.

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A variety of wastes becomes wide and the amount ofwastes have increased, as a result of convenient, satisfied and non-recycling society. Subdivisionof the categories of collecting household waste is carried out to reduce the amount of wastes and to establish recycling society in many cities. The subdivision can introduce an improvement in citizen's valuation and consciousness for the household waste and environmental problems, and cause a change of their criteria for purchasing daily necessities. But many citizen have a little information about significance and aim of the subdivision. If we can provide enough information about the subdivision and waste recycling for the citizen, the amount of wastes can be decrease significantly and we can move a step nearer to establishment of recycling society.

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In the recent environmental problems, reuse system of waste and by-product should be one of the most effective countermeasures. However, few evaluating method of environmental loading could indicate the advantage of reusable materials. We investigated on an evaluating method for the availability of effective utilization of some waste and by-product. Firstly, we expressed the allocation of the environmental loading by combining quantity of materials with their economic values. As a case study, we made a model for the material flow around the cement industry in 1990. In that model, the carbon dioxide emission and the drying up of limestone resources were considered as environmental loading. After the model analysis, we could estimate a reduction effect of the environmental loading by effective utilization of some waste and by-product in the cement industry.

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In this study, the dynamic macro economic model, which internalizes the waste generation, disposal and recycling processes in the economic repercussion, is formulated and simulated in the courses of the various waste reduction programs. The authors regard the waste stream as the negative inputs at the stage of production process, material flow accompanied by additional societal costs at the stage of disposal, and potential supply of the positive resources after recycling process. The model simulations, which evaluate wastes internally, show that wastes are processed in the channel of route of not only material recycling but also thermal recycling in place of conventional incineration, due to total cost minimization. When the mass flux of the final disposal is restricted, in the first stage the incineration processing might be preferred, and later the recycling process should be fortified. When the productivity of capital in recycling supply is improved, incineration process is diminished and economic welfare is promoted. When introducing carbon emission reduction policy, power generation capacity in waste incineration plants become to be occupied more 1.1% of total electric supply amount than one in reference scenario in 2030.

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In order to realize a zero emission society, it is necessary to have a quantitative estimate of the stock of material and energy in the city and the flows between its inside and outside. For this purpose, this paper presents a GIS-based method to analyze the energy consumption and material stock in the buildings of the city. Then this method is applied to Fukuoka City to analyze the relationship of the energy consumption and total material stocks with the land use data, such as land use, zone designation, and building size restriction.

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Appropriate control of land use is the important key to solving global environmental problems. This analysis is a part of fundamental research for developing the global land-use model which would contribute to the establishment of sustainable land-use policies. Factors identified as important to farmland change and residential land change are examined by multiple regression techniques. The degrees of contribution of four indicator groups (natural conditions, socio-economic conditions at the beginning of the period, their temporal changes during the period and land-use at the beginning) are compared. A new conceptual scheme for land-use changes is proposed. This scheme consists of four parts: exogenous factors on the affecting side that are true “driving forces” in the ordinary sense, endogenous factors on the moderating side now termed “counter forces”, natural conditions, and land use in the base year of the study period. As expected, a variety of population factors and economic activities are detected as the driving forces. Some counter forces are also identified. The author believes that these results would be highly suggestive of building a global land-use model.

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The purpose of this paper is to describe distributional changes of trees and land-use types in a river and discuss factors in the changes from several points of view. The study area is the alluvial section of the Yoshino River in Shikoku, Japan, extending for about 75 km from the river mouth. Based on aerial photographs taken in 1964, 1975 and 1990, meshed maps of the distribution of trees and land-use types were made and compared with one another.
Distribution of bamboo plantation widely changed between 1964 and 1975. This change was caused mainly by progression of embankment. Distribution of trees expanded remarkably in the period between 1975 and 1995. Factors contributing to this expansion are as follows: 1. Cessation of gravel digging; large scaled gravel digging, which had been continued until ca.1975, destroyed tree habitats and inhibited tree establishment. 2. Regulation of low flows; stable water supply in the seedling season regulated by four major dams since the 1970s have been advantageous for tree colonization. 3. Reduction of sediment supply due to dam constructions and ‘sabo’ works; the reduction of sediment supply developed socalled armor coat, and thus caused fixation and stabilization of bar-beds.

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More than seventy percent of China's primary energy supply depends upon coal, and no radical change is expected to take place in this basic structure during the early part of the next century. An energy supply structure that is so heavily dependent upon coal poses fundamental difficulty to the regionally balanced economic development in China. Main coal mines in China are distributed in the North-West region far from the coastal areas where economic development is rapid and the energy demand is increasing. Seventy percent of coal transport relies on railway, and 40 percent of freight transport by railway is devoted to the coal transport, which places heavier burdens on China's freight and passenger transport system. In this study, a prediction is made of future coal demand in each province of China up until 2010, and an estimate is made for the inter-provincial transport demand of coal. In 2010, the total coal demand in China will be 1.01 Ecal, i.e., 166 % of that in 1994, creating three times the demand in the coal transport by railway. Coal transport demand from Shang-xi Province to He-bei Province, for example, will increase from 0.6 million tons in 1994 to 1.7 million tons in 2010. The estimated transport demand of coal will far exceed the target figures presented in the long-term development plans, suggesting the need for greater investment in railway and other transport systems.

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Energy consumption and CO₂ emission due to Japan's international marine transportation is estimated in terms of fuel consumption of all container ships, tankers, iron are bulk carriers, coal bulk carriers, and product tankers. The fuel consumption of each individual ship is obtained by the empirical relationship between the horsepower and the consumption by the type of the ship. The energy intensity of a container ship, a tanker, an iron ore carrier, a coal carrier, and a product tanker are 23.9, 73, 6.8, 6.7, and 15.2 10^-6TOE/ton/km, respectively. Their total fuel consumption gradually increased during 1980-1994 and reached 27 million TOE in 1994. This figure is equivalent to 7.6% of Japan's total energy consumption in the same year, while the share of the world's marine transportation to the total energy consumption is around 1.4%. The contribution of Japanese ships to Japan's marine transportation has decreased from 35% in 1980 to 6% in 1994.

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As the automobilization process gets matured, social problems such as energy consumption increase and exclusive land occupation by car-related facilities has become as serious as noise and air pollution caused by automobilc traffic. Transportation policies are, therefore, currently investigated from more comprehensive urban perspectives including environmental ones. This paper attempts to identify characteristic variables which affect transportation mode choice of the shopping trip, based on questionnaire survey analysis in Kokubunji City and Suginami Ward, Tokyo Metropolitan Region. Environment consideration factors are extracted from principal component analysis, and spatial factors are identified through quantification method II analysis. The following results are found. Firstly, environment consideration affect people's car usage activities rather than car possession in Kokubunji City. Secondly, living near the station and car usage, car possession have a mutual relation.

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This study is to investigate how social welfare facilities coped as shelter after the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. We collect 196 respondents with questionnaire method out of 384 facilities in the Hyogo prefecture disaster areas. We find that the half of facilities became the shelter for elderly and handicapped refugees in spite of various difficulties. Many elderly and handicapped refugees was accepted in the bed room of the facilities. The date to become normal administration is due to styles of acceptance. If they accommodate rooms for refugees, the administration can be reopened earlier. Social welfare facilities accepted mainly elderly and handicapped refugees in this disaster. The study show that it is very important to cooperate with their neighborhoods, their family, volunteer groups, and other social welfare facilities.

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The author had fixed the implanting process of the socio-environmental systems as the designing new society to adopt another socio-environmental system to the planning society. The three phases were identified as the basic model of the implanting process, (1) modeling phase, (2) adapting phase and (3) reunifying phase.
This research focussed on the social history of the welfare facilities for mentally handicapped peoples named Asunaro-Komori no Sato which located at the depopulation area named Komori in Ootoh-mura, Wakayama as an analysis case. The purpose of this research was to get the suggestion for using the implanting process as the technique in Environmental Planning. Detailed analyses were added from the point of view of the Implanting process. The establishment process of the welfare facilities made the target was divided into three phases of the implanting process. The important points in the process could be put in order as follows by using a detailed chronological table and social systems diagrams, the model block analysis as an analyzed result. Those are;(1) incremental process, (2) on equal footing, (3) open to the public and cultural exchange, and (4) the man who belongs both social system. Finally, the possibility and problems were pointed out though it was related to the more realistic policy that invite an establishment of welfare facilities as a depopulation countermeasure.

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This thesis intends to clarify the regional environmental systems related to vanished marshes and back-swamps. The thesis examines a case of Watarase back-swamps and its marshes in Koga city, Ibaraki, and its changes during Meiji era up to nowadays. The thesis stands on a view point of the GIS analysis, and describes their environmental conditions by three categories (topographical characters. landuse value, cultural environment) and their eight layers.
By analyzing changes of each layers and their relations, the differences of environmental systems have been clarified as following:
1. Homogeneous system: Before the river improvement and reclamation works during 1910s to 1950s. each layer was effected by the topographical characters around marshes and the environment is described as a dependent system.
2. Heterogeneous system: After the vanishment of marshes and back-swamps in 1960s. each layer exists independently. The relation between each layer is described as an environmental heritage in a heterogeneous system.
And two designing process (environmental restoration. environmental reconstitution) are proposed as a conclusion.

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In Japanese Islands, the irrigated agriculture, which was the historical turning point for the relation between nature and human, started between the Jomon and Yayoi periods.
The purpose of this article is to study the change of the ancients living and production styles and their society system from the viewpoint of the natural environment especially for the water utilization. Then, the economy system for the modern society will be discussed incomparison to the ancient society system.
Here are summary from this article:
(1) The economy system in the Jomon period was constant economy that people hunt or reap as much as they need, which differs from growth economy that assumes surplus production occurred after the Yayoi period.
(2) The society and economy in the Jomon period balanced as long as the amount of natural resources required was kept within the reproducible one.

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As one of the main industrial wastes in the world especially in Japan, coal ash has become a real problem when talking about the lack of disposal sites. Accordingly, based on this experimental study the physical characteristics of coal ash was evaluated together with it's chemical ability if used as an adsorbent or a filter layer beneath all the structures where in the chemical pollution danger is expected. Regarding the geotectonical aspect, permeability and compaction tests were carried out showing that, the coal ash is a very good material when used as fill material due to it's low permeability and the non existence of the optimum moisture point on the water content-dry density curve. Three major chemical analyses were carried out namely, pH test, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet analysis. All of these tests have indicated that coal ash is applicable as a filter material in reducing the effect of the harmful organic matters such as benzene.

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Although the Japanese diet has been changing, seafood is still important and supplies one third of the protein needs in Japan. The objective of this research is to estimate the energy consumption from the production, transportation, and preservation of sea food, as well as the flow of nitrogen associated with them. The total energy consumption is estimated to be 6.8 million TOE per year, which is equivalent to 1.9% of Japan's total energy consumption. Fishing and fish farming consume 5.8 million TOE, which is equivalent to 85% of total energy consumption. Ocean sea fisheries and fanning are more energy efficient than coastal fisheries in terms of energy requirement per unit catch weight. Preservation consumes 450 thousand TOE per year. Sea food requires more energy for preservation than other types of food, and half of the energy for the preservation is used to produce ice. Each year, 197 thousand tons, 98 thousand tons, and 40 thousand tons of nitrogen are brought to Japan by fisheries, sea food imports and fish fanning, respectively. The difference between the inflow and outflow of nitrogen to and from Japan is estimated to be 300 thousand tons per year.

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Recently, global environment problems have been actualized and they are caused by accumulated effects of pollutant load derived from citizens' daily activities. Life-Cycle-Assessment (LCA) is powerful tool for estimation of total environmental effect of some appliances and services. But it is not easy to execute LCA for strict environmental assessment. In this study, we tried to evaluate multiple environmental pollutant loads and applied to estimate the environmental effect of replacement of household electric appliances and automobile. The replacement from an old household appliance to new one which has higher efficiency of utilizing energy, and from a small appliance to bigger one which has more additional values was estimated. Both cases were estimated to bring increasing of environmental pollutant load whenever drastic improvement of efficiency of energy consumption and effluent is not expected in utilization stage. Finally, Eco-Factor derived from BUWAL-SR133 was tried to estimate total environmental effect of these problems.

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is expected to become powerful techniques for total estimation of environmental impact from products and services. Establishment of database about unit load factor of some environmental pollutants and standardization of scheme of evaluation of Lifecycle Inventory Analysis (LCI) are required for more accurate evaluation. In this study, lifecycle pollutant loads of more than 30 household products and services were evaluated by some surveys and reviews of references about LCA/LCI. And some transitions of social systems are estimated to bring more or less environmental impact. The future scenario was prepared in order to forecast the environmental pollutant load brought by the transition of social systems. And statistical data was used for design of trends of some household appliances and services. Preliminary estimation of 4 trial cases shows that increasing of environmental pollutant was beyond result from macro analysis of transition of social systems. And expected effects of decreasing of environmental pollutant load by transition of social systems were estimated relatively small.

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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an effective tool to evaluate the environmental impact of urban infrastructure, and to choose the alternative with the least impact. Application of LCA in master planning phase of development of residential or resort area enables planners to choose environmentally benign alternative better than its application in implementation phase.
This study proposes a method of LCA in master planning phase in which detailed information for LCA is limited because details of plan is not yet determined. The proposed LCA was applied to projects of 7 new residential area development, 1 new complex area of residence and logistics, 2 resort area actually completed in Japan. The result of LCA serves a criterion to evaluate such a project in addition to cost and performance.

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Asiya city is an object area was asked there was electric power of how many PV power generation system occurrences which it could be self-sufficient in the city area.
A maximum establishment area by the building use was looked for from the first floor floorage of each building. And I principal component analysis distinction of a unit area. Then I classfied them by types using cluster analysis. Based on this data, I got the effective area of installation.
I found effect of selfsupported electric power by using PV power generation system.
I proved that developing PV power generation system can be continued.

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Take back and recycling of used information technology (IT) and electric appliances consumed in homes were discussed from the view point of cyclic economy. First, paradigm-shift, technological development and evaluation research towards closed loop economy were reviewed. Here initiatives for industrial ecology were introduced. Second, the legislative processes and relevant circumstances were interpreted focusing on the IT equipment ordinance and foundation of working committee CYCLE within VDMA in Germany. Third, based on the interview survey, take back and recycling systems of personal computers and TVs were discussed with respect to design for environment, cleaner production process and reverse logistics as follows:
1) Surveys of current eco-design practices showed that technical innovation for dematerialized manufacturing, component count reduction, eliminated variation of materials and less hazardous substances use resulted in considerable decrease of disassembly time and number of the tools etc. and consequently enhanced loop closing.
2) Although sufficient quantitative data was not available, promoted production processes for pollution prevention were observed in order to save raw materials.
3) In terms of reverse logistic, major 3 types of take back scheme was proposed corresponding to the degree of the product responsibility, i.e. i) only manufacturers' organized system, ii) system with independent organizations' management and iii) shared system with manufactures and municipalities. These models were evaluated from the view point of feasibility of temporary stock yard, quality management of take back, effective market competitiveness and so on.

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These days, the shortage of final disposal site is one of the most serious problem in Japan. The waste derived from the local government is to be disposed by itself, while the waste depends on industrial activities in the other region and therefore it causes regional interdependence flow.
In this study, the structure of interdependence material input and waste is analyzed and evaluated by using Input-Output Analysis. The interrelation between internal and external demand in national 8 regions is estimated using waste intensity in each industry. As a result of the analysis, various particular in construction by-product which has largely shares in final disposal, and the relationship between material input and waste in construction activity observed.

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For the effective management of mass flow in urban areas, we should investigate which part of the whole mass flow causes solid wastes problem and where recycling system should be introduced for effective use of natural resources. In this study, we carried out mass balance analysis utilizing physical distribution data. Recently, the data has been improved through nationwide researches by governmental organizations. In the analysis, input, output and throughput of Tokyo mass flow system were investigated with the cross-checked reliable distribution data. The analysis showed the characteristics of Tokyo metropolis in terms of physical distribution and mass flow; Tokyo is not only the largest manufacturing and consumption area but also the important transit point of the nationwide physical distribution. About tenth of the amount of the input mass flow change into solid wastes.

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