地球環境シンポジウム講演論文集
Online ISSN : 1884-8419
ISSN-L : 1347-510X
6 巻
選択された号の論文の51件中1~50を表示しています
  • 天野 明弘
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 1-8
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention established Quantified Emission Limitation and Reduction Objectives for Annex I countries.It also opened the way for international schemes of emissions trading.Since the global society is required ambitious emissions reductions in the medium and long run in various fronts, active applications of economic measures will be necessary and inevitable.However, there has been strong resistance to the introduction of economic measures in the environmental policy in Japan, both among business circles and within ministries and government offices. This article urges to shift the basic tone of environmental and economic policies in Japan toward more use of economic measures so that this country can attain not only the objectives of UNFCCC but also those of sustainable development at large.
  • 松岡 譲
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 9-17
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    In the Kyoto meeting on climate change, they agreed to the greenhouse gas reduction target as more than 5 percent from 1990 by 2010.In this paper, I analyzed the implication of the target from the view point of climate stabilization using a climate model, and proposed a new reduction target of the following years in order to compensate the COP3 inadequate reduction target in 2010.Also, I introduce the recent effort of IPCC new emission scenarios in the 21st century.
  • 浅岡 美恵
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 19-26
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    At the third Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in Kyoto, adoption of a protocal with legally binding quatified emissions limitations and reduction objectives had been expected prior to the conference.Environmental NGOs'activies contributed to the adoption of Kyoto protocol.
    However, the protocal has worrisome loopholes and ambiguous factors such as counting removal by sinks.Whether or not the Kyoto protocol will become the historical turning point is depended upon the active promotion by Japanese and international communities.
    For the ratification of the protocol, developing domestic legislation to achieve by 6%reduction of CO2 emission is required.in Japan.On the other hand, proposal of new law by the EA and amendment of Energy conservation law by MITI are merely relaying onto the stabilization of CO2 emission at 1990 level.Citizens participation in the policy making process and capacity building to propose concrete policies are crucial to prevent the global warming.
  • RITEを中心とし
    山口 務
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 27-31
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 三村 信男
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 33-40
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 原 雄一, 長澤 良太, 山下 恵, 北田 敏廣, 谷岡 誠一
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 41-44
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Global mapping is a method to analyze the whole earth by the digital data of one kilometer's resolution, which include some basic information on vegetation, land-use, elevation, administration and so on, aiming at dealing with environmental problems at global level. As the solution, using global mapping data, of environmental problems related to construction of infrastructure, some models, such as soil-erosion model, hydrological change model, meso-scale meteorological model, are suggested here as an example of applied environmental models.
  • 小長谷 一之, 大坪 国順
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 45-50
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The land use phenomena is the basis for almost all global environmental problems at ground level such as desertification, deforestation, conservation of species and cultural heritages, polutions in developing countries; besides it has both natural and social scientific aspects because human activities are the principal driving forces causing land use changes. LUCC is the joint core project of IGBP and IHDP for ‘land use/cover change’. LU/GEC (Land Use for Global Environmental Conservation) is the largest LUCC-related project in Japan by NIES (National Ins. for Environmental Studies). The purpose is to construct land use prediction models in Asia-Pacific region by many teams of researchers. Phase I (1995.4-1998.3) has successfully finished with 5 original land use models. 4 of them consist of land use representation function f and economic growth function g. Ordinary linear regression and logistic function choice for f functional form showed poor performance in land use data. Konagaya (1997a, b, 1998) extended the normative Thünen model, the exact fundamental theory of land market, to be able to apply it to real land use ratio data. This new model (Generalized Thünen Model: GTM) improved explanatory performance and has a merit to give the intuitive picture of ‘movement of land use frontier’ a exact theoretical foundation, which enables us to predict the land use change in the future.
  • 桶谷 恵慈, 倉田 学児, 原 雄一, 北田 敏廣
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 51-56
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    In a developing country, it is important to estimate a impact of the construction of infrastructure to the environment. The shortage of the geographical data which is applicable to the environmental model is bottleneck of these process. In this report, using global mapping data which is distributed on every 1km mesh by Geographical Survey Institute of Japan, the applicability of these data to atmosphere, hydrology and soil erosion model was examined. In addition, integration of these models to improve the accuracy of model output was discussed.
  • 藤田 壮, 中原 智哉, 鈴木 斉, 盛岡 通
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 57-62
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Urban development causes various environmental cost, such as carbon dioxide emission, solid waste, and resource consumption. While life cycle analysis studies are attempted, their interactive linkage with social policy elements are seldom analyzed. In this paper, firstly, environmental emission structure from urban development projects are generally discussed. Secondly, the scheme of estimation program is shown, which has multi-system structure. Thirdly, estimation process is presented. Finally, case study is done in Nakanoshima District, in the Osaka City downtown, Japan. The following are found, (1) operation process counts for a large part of carbon dioxide emission in the urban facility life cycle.(2) denser building location cause carbon dioxide emission increase from the district.(3) combination of facility-scale and district-scale improvement can be effective countermeasures for environmental lord reduction.
  • 篠田 成郎, 佐藤 嘉則, 都築 克紀, 間野 耕司, 湯浅 晶
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 63-68
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    A mathematical model of total nitrogen balance in a watershed ecosystem was developed by deriving a time evolution equation of total nitrogen stored in the soil layer. The distribution of forest tree species was characterized by the growth rate and the stem volume of trees in this model. Applicability of this model was examined in a forested mountain area (Aoya River basin; 4, 500 ha) located in the central part of Japan. Total nitrogen loading in the stream water is generally small and the nitrogen fixation in trees becomes active in the forested watershed in which the growth rate and the stem volume of trees are large.
  • 堀内 将人, 由井 栄太郎, 森澤 眞輔
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 69-74
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Referring to the SMART model, the organic layer model was developed to describe acidification of forest organic layer. The organic layer model and the modified SMART model were combined to evaluate forest soil acidification more properly. This new model is called two layers model. Considering ecosystem processes concerned to acidification or neutralization, ex. nitrogen mineralization, nitrification, nutrient uptake and creation of organic acid, forest soil acidification was predicted for 100years using the two layers model. Model prediction revealed that nitrogen mineralization rates and nitrification rates had great effects on forest soil acidification and that organic layer neutralized acid deposition.
  • 山村 悦夫, ジョティマニ ポンヌサミ
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 75-78
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Metropolitan growth trends throughout rapid suburban sprawl as well as urban renewal/dynamics ecosystem changes needs to be inter-linked to the urban land use and ecosystem changes based on transportation networks. The resultant impact of urban ecosystem changes on the population concentration results in the increasing pressure on the infrastructure facilities also poses high vulnerability risks. In order to meet all the needs of the entire urban ecosystem changes, a approach using a geographical information systems (GIS) is presented with the capabilities of data input, updating and manipulation for multi purpose research and be called urban ecosystem changes around subway network.
  • 井上 頼輝
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 79-84
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Fukui Prefecture faces Japan Sea and receives air pollution from China mainland. China shows more than 10% per year of high economic growth and uses coals with high sulfur content as main resources of energy. It is afraid that Fukui would receive severe damage by acid deposition in the future. Air which arrives at Fukui is simulated by inverse trajectory analysis. Air at Fukui arrives from China mainland from October to April, and from Pacific Ocean in July and August. Other months are transient of winter and summer season, air comes from almost all direction.
  • 宮永 洋一, 池田 英史
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 85-90
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    A Japanese nationwide survey was conducted by the Central Reseatch 1nstihte of the Electric Power Indushy (CRIEPI) on stream water quality and soil chemistry in 253 mountainous watersheds in 1991. The result suggests that most of the watersheds have sufficient acid neutralization capacity (ANC) except a few ones with low ANC. These watersheds vulnerable to acid deposition need further reseatth and monitoring in more detail. For the prediction of stream water quality, the Integrated Lake and Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) model developed in the United States was well applied to a Japanese watershed in the hydrological and water quality simulations during one year. However, it was found that the estimation of chemical weathaing in the watershed is crusial to the reliability of long-term prediction using the ILWAS model. Therefore, future research is needed for better estimation of chemical weathering in watershed.
  • 芝 定孝, 加藤 卓, 平田 雄志, 八木 俊策
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 91-96
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to construct the model which describes quantitatively the acidification process of rain water by rainout of atmospheric pollutants, the generation and growth of cloud droplets on cloud condensation nuclei are simulated numerically with use of a mathematical model. The mathematical model is constituted by the conservation laws of water mass and heat energy and the state equation of ideal gas. As the speed of time variation of droplet heat Qw is very fast compared with that of droplet mass mw, droplet temperature Ta can be treated as in steady state. The equilibrium droplet size ae is dependent on the 3/2 power of the initial radius as0 of cloud condensation nucleus (NH4) 2SO4. The larger as0 is, the more the droplet grows in its equilibrium size ae. Then, it takes much time for large condensation nucleus to attain the equilibrium size ae.
  • 数値シミュレーションと航空機観測結果を用いた推定
    北田 敏廣, 岡村 聖, 中西 秀樹, 森 博明, 石坂 隆
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 97-102
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/12/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    The central Japan has characteristic topographical features such as highmountains and large plains, and is bounded with complex coast lines of the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan. Thus various types of local flows develop in summer season. It is known that in the daytime, pollutants emitted over the huge coastal-urban areas in the plains such as Tokyo and Nagoya often reach to the central mountainous area within a day, with producing ozone and other products. However, the subsequent behavior and fate of the ozone and others are not clear. In this study, 3D three-days-simulations, during 26-28 July, 1995, of transport/chemistry/deposition of various chemical species were performed to see the behavior of ozone produced in the pollutant rich air mass, which passed over the urban area, particularly Nagoya in the Nohbi Plain, using the calculation domain over the Central Japan. The results were compared with airborne-observation and discussed.
  • 堀 雅裕, 太田 幸雄, 村尾 直人, 山形 定
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 103-108
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    To estimate indirect radiative forcing of water soluble aerosols, we measured critical supersaturations of dicarboxylic acid aerosols which are major components of water soluble organic aerosols in laboratory experiments, and then calculated albedo of marine stratiform cloud and downward net flux at tropopause within stratiform cloud area under clean and polluted (concentrations of water soluble aerosols enhanced) conditions. Experimental results indicated that critical supersaturations of oxalate, malic acid and phtharic acid were found to be comparable to that of sulfate aerosol which is easily activated to cloud droplets at naturally occuring supersaturations in the atmosphere, in contrast to high critical supersaturation of adipic acid. Caluculations indicated that at polluted condition cloud-top albedo was enhanced and downward net flux at tropopause decreased by 40-60W/m2 from clean condition. Although these estimates are confined within polluted and stratus cloud aera, the indirect forcing is so high compared with global averaged radiative forcing (+2.5W/m2) of greenhouse gases, that it is possible that the forcing offsets the greenhouse effect to a large extent.
  • 長谷川 就一, 太田 幸雄, 村尾 直人, 山形 定
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 109-114
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Mixing condition and size distribution of atmospheric aerosols were investigated for determination of suitable optical aerosol model. If the geometric number mean radius and the standard deviation were 0.055-0.079μm and 1.97-2.29 in internal mixing condition respectively, calculated values of the ratio of diffuse solar radiation to direct solar radiation correlated well with those observed. Whereas the geometric number mean radius of 0.035 μm and standard deviation of 2.10, which have been recommended, gave less correlation. The difference of calculated single scattering albedo between external and internal mixture was 0.03, which has the possibility of the difference of 0.15°C of the global mean surface temperature.
  • 伊藤 晃佳, 村尾 直人, 太田 幸雄, 山形 定
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 115-119
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    A simple method for the field sampling of reduced sulfur compounds was developed and evaluated. This method has-100% trapping efficiency and more than 90% of recovery and shows little loss for 24hr storage for both carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2). Using this method, ambient concentrations of COS and CS2 and emissions from sewage treatment plant and municiple landfill sanitary sites (M. L. S) were measured.The result shows that (1) COS and CS2 concentrations were typically 515±87ppty (parts per trillion by volume) and 44±16pptv, respectively and showed little diurnal variation. However Increase of COS level sometimes occured, indicating emission of COS from urban area.(2) Exhaust from sewage treatment plant and M. L. S. contained more COS and CS2 than ambient concentrations. From this, annual emissions of COS and CS2 were estimated.
  • 林 良嗣, 中村 英樹, 加藤 博和, 丸田 浩史
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 121-127
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    CO2 emission from transport sector is drastically increasing, and this trend will never change without any appropriate countermeasures against that. Policies relating to reduction of CO2 emission from transport sector are categorized by 1) stage in environmental influence mechanism, and 2) their method. On the other hand, a target value of CO2 emission from Japanese urban passenger transport in 2010 is assumed to be the same level as that in 1990. Its value is estimated by population size of city, considering differences of transport properties and its effects on CO2 reduction. Furthermore, required amount of each policy option for achieving the target value is calculated. Consequently, it is found that 1) no single policy option is effective, even if vehicle fuel consumption efficiency would be drastically improved, that results in necessity of combining various policy options, 2) effective measures in small cities is essential, whose transport activities are strongly dependent on automobiles and that cause about 80% of total CO2 emission from urban passenger transport.
  • 古道 宣行, 藤原 陽三, 落藤 澄, 佐藤 馨一
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 129-134
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to formulate a pleasant and safe urban life style in cold, snowy cities, Hokkaido is called upon to create a new type of northern city and develop a living environment based on an understanding of energy economy and global environmental problems.
    Therefore, it is thought that developing a method of district heating over a wide area, based on utilizing combined heat/power generation plants as a main source of heat with high energy efficiency and effective environmental load control and other unused energy sources, would be effective in creating a comfortable urban life style and solve traffic, energy and environmental problems due to snow and cold in northern cities.
    This study clarified the problems in the development of the system in the cities of Hokkaido and concurrently examined its effect on economizing energy and reducing environmental load.
  • 本江 裕之, 永井 宏, 土屋 桂一郎, 大熊 英二
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 135-140
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Main subject of this theme is how the construction and maintenance of expressway are proceeded at present against the environmental effects, based on the Environmental Management System (EMS).In relation to the work, We are attempting to develop the study of construction and maintenance, and work out problems of design and construction work of expressway.The main contents of the subject are introductions of appropriate EMS usage in the field of expressway technical examination and risk assessment of environmental impacts, including future planning and figure of measures against environmental effects.
  • Tohru MORIOKA, Noboru YOSHIDA, Maria Theresa MAGAMPON
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 141-146
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Using input-output analysis, trends of the Japanese manufacturing sectors' energy and material intensity were examined over four decades, from 1960 to 1990.The Japanese automobile industry metabolism, in particular was clarified in terms of material input/consumption typified by hotrolled steel. Inducement by final demand sectors, specifically fixed capital formation was scrutinized to evaluate the materialized industrialization due to car use in industry and household.Results revealed that motor vehicles as capital goods continue to be an important part of the industries' production process and as service both in the business and the private sectors. Despite eco-efficiency, such demands caused continued increase in the total material consumption.Nevertheless, there was an evident decoupling from material and energy use, which increased resource efficiency and reduced carbon dioxide emission per unit output.
  • 盛岡 通, 吉田 登
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 147-153
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    This paper aims to evaluate environmental impacts from resource dissipation to global warming in civil infrastructure systems as an basis of discussion on sustainable industrial transformation for this industrial society.Civil infrastructure system give considerable impacts both directly and indirectly through various product chains and supply of related societal services.From this aspects, first, the content of environmental impacts were divided into several categories according to its repercussive characteristics.Second, specific environmental impacts were analyzed using life cycle inventory approaches including input-output analysis.As a result, the followings were examined: 1) various product chains were observed with relation to release of carbon dioxide and industrial waste, and steel consumption due to construction activities; 2) machinery and utility-derived impacts were recognized to some extent as well as cumulative stock impacts of the infrastructure bodies; 3) considerable environmental impacts due to societal services supported by civil infrastructure indicated the necessity of further discussion on the allocation of responsibility for reducing the impacts.
  • 楊 瑜芳, 津村 和志, 内藤 正明
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 155-160
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The regional and global environmental problems have become more and more seriouswith the increasing consumption of resources and energy, the exhaustion of large amount of wastes in human activities.A better way is to close the loop-recyclingvirtually all the materials we use and designing everything so as to minimize the materials requirement.The practical goal is to establish a recycling system oforganic waste materials, which is lasting society achieve environmental harmony.
    Less-polluting, less resources-intensive technology is one key to a society that can stand the test of time. This research is focused on following items: to investigate the present situation on production and treatment of organic waste materials; to evaluate the essential technology such as composting, thermophilic oxic process, etc., for recycling organic waste materials produced from domestic lifeand food industry; to develop a mass balance model for the recycling system of organic waste materials.
  • 楠部 孝誠, 津村 和志, 内藤 正明
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 161-166
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The purpose of this paper is to propose an appropriate recycling organic materials system based on ecological cycle. The final target of this research is to evaluate quantitatively the benefit of recycling organic materials and to propose ascenario to construct an appropriate recycling system. In this paper, the mount of some organic wastes from food industries is investigated. The recycling system, in which are the by-products recycled into the food industries, livestock raising and agriculture, is proposed and evaluated from the view point of physical, economic and social conditions which lead the social shift from a one way resource use system to a recycling one. In particular, the relation between the food industries and the livestock raising is simulated according to the change of exchange rate and Chicago corn rate.Finally, an appropriate valance of industry to perform the recycling organic system is considered.
  • 経済的影響の評価
    高橋 潔, 原沢 英夫, 松岡 譲
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 167-173
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Climate change impact on crops production may be one of the most serious problems in the next century. In order to evaluate this problem quantitatively, we developed a modeling framework to estimate an economic impact caused by climate change. The framework comprises two main models, a GIS-based potential crop productivity model and an 30-regional international trade model. Without considering thedirect impact of atmospheric CO 2 concentration increase (CO2 fertilization), the potential crop productivity of winter wheat will decrease 45% in India and increase 25% in Canada by the end of the next century, while that of rice and maize will not decrease so seriously in any regions. Taking these regional changes of potential productivity as technical changes in productionfunction of the international trade model, the social welfare in India will decrease considerably, 4.89%, while that in Canada and Japan will increase 0.34% and0.02% respectively. Globally, the social welfare will decrease 0.046%, which is valued at 9.5 billion loss. With considering the direct impact of CO2 increase, the potential productivity of rice and maize will increase in most regions of the world. Although the potential productivity of winter wheat will still decrease in some regions, global social welfare will increase 0.41%, 84.4 billion gain.
  • Satya Priya, Ryosuke SHIBASAKI
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 175-180
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Since soil erosion can be relatively slow process, it is required that the model be capable of simulating on a daily time step using readily available inputs. In order to meet this requirement., a mathematical model EPIC (Williams et. al. 1989) has been used and efforts are being made to develop a new raster/pixel based approach to simulate crop yield and erosion-sedimentation incorporating hydrology, weather and nutrient cycling models. The paper describes an application of EPIC in the northeastern part of India namely Bihar based on climate/land conditions, fertilizer use and management practices. The result suggests that the model can be used for simulating the effects of agricultural practices in response to the environmental changes such as climatechange or soil erosion.
  • 松岡 譲, 森田 恒幸, 姜 克隻, パンデイー R.
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 181-186
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to make policy to response for climate change, it is essential to forecast future GHGs emissions in a long term. The IPCC decided at its 1996 plenary session to develop a new set of reference emission scenarios. Four modeling groups including us have startedto formulate the scenarios and test them for consistency in terms of both qualitative and quantitative factors with their models. In this paper, we describe one of the efforts, i. e. AIM quantification and its rationale.
  • 平口 博丸, 丸山 康樹, 筒井 純一, 仲敷 憲和
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 187-192
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Coupled atmospher-ocean climate models are the most powerful tools toassess future climate change. However, it is wellknown that the coupling of ocean and atmospher causes climate drift due to discrepancies in surface fluxes. To reduce climate drift in couple models, mostmodels make flux adjustment even though flux adjustment are relatively large. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) has developed the Climate System Model (CSM) which is a coupled model with no surface flux corrections, and reported that there is virtually no trend in the surface temperature during the 300-year control run. In this paper, we conduct a 10-year control run and a 115-year transient run by using NCAR CSMthrough the collaboration research between Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) and NCAR. The transient experiment assumes a 1%/year compound increase in CO2 which gives a doubling CO2 after 70 years, and tripling after 110 years, respectively. Atmospheric, oceanic, and sea ice changes in future climate are analyzed and discussed.
  • 柳 哲雄
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 193-195
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The histroy, present activities and future of IGBP/LOICZ are discussed.
  • 谷津 龍太郎, 山田 和人, 野池 達也
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 197-203
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    As a part of a study on desirable structure of environmental planning in Asia and the Pacific region, questionnaire survey and stocktaking survey were conducted in order to identify the needs of thematic plan for regional cooperation on climate change.A questionnaire consists of the questions on current situation, constraints and needs of policy and measures for climate change was sent to the national focal point of 23 countries in this region.In stocktaking survey, various documents and reports from bilateral as well as multilateral cooperation agencies were collected.As a result of the questionnaire survey, a half of the counties have prepared GHGs inventory, national plan for sustainable development and policy&measures. Most countries are facing problems and constraints including lack of coordination mechanisms among government agencies, trained personal in public and private sector, cleaner technology and financial resources even multilateral as well as bilateral cooperation agencies have been stimulating technical and financial cooperation with counties in this region. In order to bridge the gap, following actions are identified as the needs of regional cooperation: creation of information network, capacity building, policy integration, activities in various regional forum, strengthening multilateral and bilateral cooperation, research and studies, awareness raising and role of mass media, and activities in private sector.Based on the analysis of the regional characteristics of GHGs emission structure, mitigation measures for land use change is identified as a area of study to be intensified.
  • 三輪 信哉, 吉岡 正弘
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 205-211
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    UNEP-IETC started new program of transferring Environmental Sound Technologies, ESTs since 1994.This programme includes three parts, (1) development of data base on ESTs, (2) promotion of transferring ESTs to developing countries and countries with economies in transition, and (3) dissemination of environmental management system to the countries. Authors took part in sub-programme of promotion of transferring ESTs.In the programme, needs of ESTs in developing countries were identified, model training programme of transferring ESTs was developed, model training course was implemented and examined, and regional training course was implemented in order to disseminate ESTs.These researches and activities are based on the concepts of technology transfer and capacity building stated in Agenda 21.In this paper, basic ideas of the sub-programme of transferring ESTs are introduced and the training needs on ESTs identified through questionnaire survey and references are discussed.
  • 吸水性織編物を用いた芝の緑化およびその熱・水分環境への影響
    高野 保英, 福原 輝幸
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 213-218
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    A grass growth test using a Moisture Absorbent Textile (MAT) has been carried out in the United Arab Emirates (U. A. E.) since 1996 to confirm the suitability of MAT for greening in arid regions. Meteorological data and subsurface data were collected of a grass-covered site to provide information on the differences in heat and moisture regimes for applications in an arid region. It was found that the grass growth rate and vegetation density were increased because of the improved moisture retentivity of the resulting from presence of the MAT. As an additional benefit, air temperature over the grass surface was found to be lower, while relative humidity was higher than for the bare soil surface.
    Additional tests carried out in the city of Dubai, U. A. E. to confirmed this effect.
  • 佐野 拓, 藤田 元夫, 前田 浩之助
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 219-223
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The Environment Agency of Japan has been implementing an experimental model project to combat desertification in Burkina Faso based on the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa, under a six-year plan starting in 1995. The objectives of the project are the transfer of Japan's technology for the effective use of groundwater for combating desertification to help establish a sustainable local community, the collection of knowledge and information from a viewpoint either of software or hardware, which are required for future actions to prevent desertification, and the development of antidesertification technologies. This lecture presents case studies of specific actions taken in Burkina Faso to combat desertification.
  • 霞ヶ関地区における新たな取り組み
    山崎 智通, 藤塚 哲朗
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 225-230
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The Action Plan for Greening Government Operations formulated the evaluation of feasibility study for introducing the common use bicycles by the government officials in daily duties. Riding bicycle is one of the best transportation systems in the densely urban areas as a pollution abatement measures and also as a arresting global warming measures.
  • 斉藤 敏彦, 藤塚 哲朗
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 231-236
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Heavily polluted areas are designated by the prime minister, based on Article 17 of the Basic Environment Law in Japan. Pollution Abatement Programs are created by governors of the prefectures in which the designated areas are located and then approved by the prime minister. According to these programs, businesses and local public entities are responsible for implementing pollution abatement projects. As the designated areas include all large cities and major industrial cities in Japan, it is said that activities performed in these areas strongly affect the global environment. From the viewpoint of conservation of the global environment, the pollution abatement projects provided in the Pollution Abatement Programs should include the appropriate actions against acid rain, global warming, etc.
  • 木村 智博
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 237-242
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Post COP3, scientists and policy-makers are still more focused to omit greenhouse gases (GHGs), to enlight how to life style on saving earth. While, quite a few of researchers warn “The Disaster Caused by Grobal Warming”, but most of environmental and disaseter scientists neglect such things. Sea level rise occured by El Nino, increasing typhoon by SST, thunderstorm by heat island phenomena, etc. According to these items, we must sense of double viewpoint, and this report is interaction mitigation which relate prevention disaster from meteorology, climatology, wind engineering and waste management. Many referees assume waste management is no relation on this paper, but waste experts who publish documents are prone to have lack of GHGs via garbage, and such people have big name on society. And then, this manuscript is to introduce cross analysis GHGs, global warming and prevention disaster. Cross analysis is used widely hazard analysis, especially earthquake engineering, hence, I affirm this method is essential environmental issues.
  • 三村 信男, 横木 裕宗
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 243-249
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The COP3 Meeting held in 1997 adopted the Kyoto Protocol to set the target for reducing the emission of Green House Gases for the coming decade. However, it is still anticipated that the regulation of the emission is not sufficient, and that global warming would proceed. Therefore, adaptation is an important field as a response to global warming and climate change. In the present paper, the status of the international activities on the adaptation is first introduced. Since this subject is relatively new, the studies are at the beginning stage. Some discussions are also made to clarify the points to be studied in the future to develop appropriate adaptive strategies. These points include classification of adaptation options, who will adapt, relation between the adaptative policies to climate change and other threats, criteria for the adaptation assessment, and threshold of the climate change.
  • 鈴木 雅之, 藤塚 哲朗, 山崎 智通
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 251-256
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The government is an important economic actor, i. e., the government is a large land holder, facility owner and big consumer of goods and services. Government action shold be a powerful agent of establishing the sustainable society. Implementation of the Action Plan for Greening Government Operations is expected to significantly reduce the environmental load from government operations and to enhance voluntary actions by local governments, enterprises and citizens.
  • 苦瀬 雅仁, 鈴木 雅之, 阿部 淳
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 257-261
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    One of the important themes detailed in The Action Plan For Greening Government Operations (cabinet decision in June, 1995) is the promotion of greening government purchasing by creating recommended product bland lists.These recommended lists promote green procurement by encouraging incorporation of environmental considerations in the conventional government procurement process.
  • 北村 耕一
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 263-268
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Kansai Electric Power strives to reduce environmental impact that might result from all aspects of its electricity supply business, and has been developing a concrete company-wide program entitled “Kansai Electric's Action Plan for Global Environmental Considerations”.
    Furthermore the company introduced its “New ERA Strategy” as a comprehensive policy to reduce CO2emissions. The company is continuing to explore new applications of this concept.“ERA”is an acronym for Efficiency (efficient use of energy), Reduction (reduction of CO2emissions in electric power generation), and Absorption (expanded use of natural absorption mechanisms).
    Under the new ERA Strategy, the company will decrease its dependence on fossil fuels by promoting nuclear power generation and improving the thermal efficiency of fossil fuel power plants;it will also appeal to customers for energy conservation, and promote studies on CO2absorption and fixation using organisms existing in nature, thereby achieving Efficiency, Reduction, and Absorption.
  • 山口 晴幸, 横山 芳春
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 269-278
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    In this report, the present authors discussed on the coastal pollution by foreign drifted garbages. The field investigations were carried out at the points of 224 in Japanese seashore-lines. The type and classification of foreign drifted garbages were investigated. It was points out from the results of field investigations that the coastal pollution by foreign drifted garbages was very important environmental problem in Japan.
  • 大同 淳之
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 279-284
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The topography of the Japan Sea is as like a pot. The depths of entrance (Tushima straits) is only 140m and its of exist (Tugalu straits) is same. The maximum depth is 3750m. The exchange of water is not so easy. The polluted material will accumulate. About 227 million people populated in the hinterland. The inflow volume of polluted material is not so clear at now. But, the partial information shown the large amount of the pollution. In this paper, the prediction of pollution in the Japan sea is tried by the comparison with the data of the Baltic Sea.
  • 池田 英史, 宮永 洋一
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 285-292
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Acid deposition in eastern Asia will increase and exceed those encountered in northern Europe and northeastern USA. Consequently, freshwater in Japan is likely to become acidified. In order to predict the long-term acidification of freshwater, it is necessary to evaluate acid neutralization mechanisms operative in Japanese watersheds.
    In this report, an estimation method for acid-neutralization by chemical weathering is proposed. This method is composed by quantifying input-output budgets, and estimation of chemical weathering reactions of minerals in watershed.Using this estimation method, acid-neutralization mechanism is compared between acidified and non-acidified watersheds.
    By this comparison, acid deposition is neutralized in Japanese non-acidified watersheds by chemical weathering reactions of primary minerals. On the other hand, in acidified watershed in U. S. A., chemical weathering rates of primary minerals are much smaller than those in Japanese non-acidified watersheds, consequently acid deposition is not neutralized in this watershed. On the basis of comparison for chemical weathering rates and site descriptions of watersheds, it is estimated that chemical weathering rates in watersheds are effected by the depth of weathering layer and acid deposition.
  • 白川 直樹, 玉井 信行, 松崎 浩憲
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 293-298
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    In nature-friendly river works natural materials such as rocks, soil, plants, are utilized instead of concrete. As a result, carbon dioxide emission would be reduced. In this paper the reduction of CO2 emission is estimated. Life cycle assessment (LCA) method is applied for this purpose. The estimation was made on a flood protection work and it showed that concrete is the largest source of the emission. Therefore nature friendly river works might be effective in reducing the emission. When rocks are utilized instead of concrete blocks, the result of LCA showed that the amount of reduction depends on the inclination of the levee and the distance of transportation.
  • 山口 晴幸, 福田 誠, 宮川 均, 黒島 一郎, 佐々木 知昭, 大高 和加子
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 299-307
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The natural environmental investigations were carried out on the source of Shinano river and its basin. At the beginning, the method of natural environmental investigation was simply represented.In this report, in particular, the authors clarifly the ture character of source of Shinano river.Moreover, the data of chemical analysis about water qualities of source zone of Shinano river and natural water in its basin and Kanto area are shown, and the real condition of water environment in the water system of Shinano river is discussed.
  • 越智 士郎, 柴崎 亮介
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 309-314
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to discuss about future food production in global scale against the population growth, it is quite important to understand and estimate the water resource availability. Water resource is a restrictive factor to the agricultural activities as well as the human habitability. A drainage model that follows water surface flow according to the slope direction was developed, using 1km DEM-GTOPO30. This paper mainly describes about the algorithm to generate the drainage model. The extracted drainage systems (stream lines) are faithful to the existing stream line data, however corrections are also required to delineate exact catchmment boundaries.In combining the drainage model with precipitation data, a simple “run-off model” was examined to some basins in Asia. The model simulates the seasonal dynamics of water resources for the whole basin quantitatively.
  • 金子 慎治, 三枝 裕司, 松本 亨, 井村 秀文
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 315-322
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Water resource demand in China is exhibiting a remarkable increase; the amount used for agriculture, industry and urban life is only to increase as its economy expands. Stable water supply will be crucial for China to achieve sustainable development in the coming century. Shortage in agricultural water, in particular, might affect not only the food productivity in China but also the world grain market due to the large food demand for supporting her population. This paper studies the long-term water supply and demand forecasts in China. First it presents a study framework for analyzing the water demand and its long term perspectives. Then water demand in each province is estimated up until 2050 assuming that the present trend will be maintained (BaU scenario). Comparing the results with the data of regional water resource endowment, it is shown that provinces in eastern and north-eastern China are likely to face increasingly serious water shortage problems by 2050.
  • 小川 かおり, 真野 明, 前川 勝朗
    1998 年 6 巻 p. 323-328
    発行日: 1998/07/09
    公開日: 2011/06/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The Shirakawa dam basin, the upper reach of the Mogami River, is one of the heaviest snowfall areas in Japan and has sometimes caused snowmelt flood.A method using satellite data and ground data on snow depth is developed to evaluate the snowmelt runoff.Snow covered area is obtained by comparing NOAA/AVHRR data with the ground data that also gives snowmelt rate.Addition of snowmelt discharge calculated from the area, melt rate, and the density and the rainfall discharge is compared with the observed discharge flowing into the dam.
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