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Volume 27 (1985)
- Issue 4 Pages 177-
- Issue 3 Pages 125-
- Issue 2 Pages 63-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 27, Issue 4
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
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The effect of ambiguity of the helping situation and the interpersonal relationship between bystandersJUNJI HARADA1985 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 177-184
Published: February 20, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of situational ambiguity on helping behavior was examined in relation to interpersonal relationship between bystanders in the field and laboratory settings. In Experiment I, 279 males and females waiting for buses either alone, with a stranger, or with an acquaintance witnessed a person looking for the appropriate bus stop for his destination. In the high ambiguity situation, he expressed a look of distress, but in the low ambiguity situation expressed distress openly by asking a passerby around him. In Experiment II, 120 undergraduates either alone, with a stranger, or with an acquaintance witnessed a person dropping his contact lens. There was another unresponsive subjects who seemingly knew the victim well (low ambiguity condition) or did not know him at all (high ambiguity condition). In both experiments, the effect of ambiguity on helping was most pronounced in the two-acquaintance condition. Subjects in the presence of an acquaintance were more helpful in the low ambiguity situation than were the subjects in the high ambiguity situation. These findings were interpreted in terms of the informational and the normative social influences of small-group processes.View full abstractDownload PDF (629K) -
MASAHIRO KODAMA, KOTARO HARANO1985 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 185-194
Published: February 20, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPresent study tested the effects of discrete posttrial verbal feedback information on self control of an increase and a decrease in heart rate (HR). Sixteen volunteer male subjects were divided into two groups, in which they received either verbal feedback (VF) or no feedback (NF). All subjects were asked to increase and then decrease their HR relatively to their pretrial base HR levels, keeping their respiratory activities as much stable as possible during the tasks. Results showed that subjects in VF group achieved better HR control than ones in NF group, especially, in HR decrease sessions. Respiratory activities, however, could not account for these differences of HR. Therefore, it was suggested that the subject's internal strategy influenced the HR control. The relationship between HR control and verbal feedback information as the calibrator of the amount of HR changes was discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (719K) -
TOSHIO KUZE, MOTOMICHI GOTO, KATSUMI NINOMIYA, KEIKO ASANO, SHUJI MIYA ...1985 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 195-205
Published: February 20, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to identify the factor structure of social attitudes among contemporary Japanese adolescents, and to examine the process of change in social attitudes through adolescence. Longitudinal data covering six years through junior high and high school years were obtained from 70 boys and 70 girls. Subjects were asked to respond to the 39-item social attitude questionnaire once a year. In order to explore the factor structure, the Quasi Three-Mode Principal Component Analysis was employed. Four factors, named Conformity to Peer Norms, Totalitarianism vs. Individual Freedom, Political Apathy, and Respect for Traditional Values, respectively were derived from both sex groups. All these factors were found to have basic stability. Sex differences were found regarding the pattern of intercorrelations among four attitude scales; for boys Conformity was closely associated with Political Apathy, while for girls Totalitarianism showed close relationship with Political Apathy. It was discussed the observed sex differences could be attributable to the differential sex-role expectations among boys and girls.View full abstractDownload PDF (727K) -
YOSHIO OHTANI1985 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 206-214
Published: February 20, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA dot enumeration experiment was conducted to investigate the functional hemispheric difference in visual information processing. A random dot pattern consisting of one to nine dots was presented either centrally or peripherally. Three male undergraduate and 13 male graduate students served as subjects. They were asked to report the perceived number of dots as fast as possible and to assign a confidence rating score to each report. Accuracy scores showed no significant visual field difference, though a left visual field (LVF) superiority had been reported by Kimura (1966). Reported numbers of dots were larger in right visual field (RVF) than in LVF. Reaction times (RTs) as a function of the reported number of dots indicated that counting rates were similar in both VFs. On the other hand, inclusive RTs (including RTs for incorrect responses) as a function of the actual number of dots were longer in RVF than in LVF. These results, as well as confidence rating data, were explained by the left hemishpere superiority in the early stages of visual information processing of dots.View full abstractDownload PDF (708K) -
Social loafing and social facilitationSUSUMU YAMAGUCHI, KOICHI OKAMOTO, TAKASHI OKA1985 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 215-222
Published: February 20, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLatané, Williams, and Harkins (1979) showed that a coactor's presence causes reduced individual effort (social loafing). Previously, it had been shown that coactor presence has a facilitating effect when the task is simple. This paradox can be resolved within the framework of Cottrell's version of the drive theory of social facilitation (Williams, Harkis, and Latané, 1980). The present study tested this notion by using a button-pushing task, varying coactor presence (vs. absence) and actor identifiability. The data obtained from 78 undergraduate students indicated:(a) Coactor's mere presence enhanced the emission of simple response (facilitation effect);(b) when the coactor's presence reduced actor identifiability, it cancelled out the facilitation effect (loafing effect); and (c) drive level, as measured by response latency, did not covary with response rate. These results suggest that loafing and facilitation effects of coactor's presence cancel one another when coactor presence reduces actor identifiability. The interpretation of the phenomena in terms of Cottrell's version was not supported.View full abstractDownload PDF (673K) -
TERUKO MIYASHITA1985 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 223-228
Published: February 20, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTen autistic and ten normal children were given, a stimulus generalization test following simultaneous visual discrimination learning. The present experiment consisted of two tasks. In the first task, the subjects were instructed to discriminate parallelograms differing in degrees of angular displacement. In the second task, the number of hearts arranged like the spots on a die was manipulated as the discrimination stimuli. There were six generalization testing stimuli used in both tasks. In the first task, no generalization gradient was found in either group, while in the second task, a mild generalization gradient was found in both groups. Unexpectedly, it was revealed that there was no difference in the stimulus generalization gradient between the autistic and the normal group. The important finding was that the autistic children were also capable of generalizing stimuli, if adequate stimuli and an appropriate procedure were used, suggesting that it is possible to enhance training effects for autistic children.View full abstractDownload PDF (430K)
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