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Volume 29 (1987)
- Issue 4 Pages 153-
- Issue 3 Pages 103-
- Issue 2 Pages 49-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 29, Issue 4
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
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TSUYOSHI SHIGEHISA, KANEO NEDATE, RYO OGAWA, YUTAKA HARUKI1987 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 153-163
Published: December 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe hypothesis tested was that the effects of alien reinforcement (AR), the non-Skinnerian and non-directive mode of intervention, are mediated primarily by the “two-person interactions.” Subjects were children (learners) and adolescents (teachers). The learners worked on form discrimination tasks. Contrary to conventional condition or external reinforcement (ER), under AR, the teachers administered reinforcers to the teachers themselves (beneficiaries), when the learners made correct responses predetermined by the teachers. The effects of AR on motivation (learning efficacy) and learning behavior depended on both the learners' and the teachers' personality, in contrast with those of ER or ER combined with AR (EAR). The AR caused significant learning when the teachers were extraverted, but it did not when introverted teachers taught extraverted learners. It increased motivation when extraverted teachers taught equally extraverted learners. These effects of AR contrasted with those of ER and EAR, in relation to these personality relationships. Personality characteristics of the teachers, in relation to those of the learners, were essential for the functions of AR (but not of ER) in learning and motivation. Results supported the proposed hypothesis.View full abstractDownload PDF (877K) -
TOSHIAKI TACHIBANA1987 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 164-172
Published: December 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSprague-Dawley rats were given X-irradiation (150 R) on Day of gestation. Male offspring were administered an open-field test at about seven weeks of age. Magnitude of dependence among scores of littermates was estimated in terms of correlation coefficient, using data from the openfield test and brain weight. The rs in ambulation, rearing and penetration into the inner square (PIS) were somewhat large in the X-irradiated group. The rs for brain weight was very large. The values in the control group were relatively small and close to zero. The values for littermates postnatally constructed were also small in both groups fostered by X-irradiated mother or control mother, except for brain weight. The magnitudes of type I error rate distortions when individual scores are used instead of litter scores as the basic unit of statistical analysis were assessed. The type I error distortions in ambulation, rearing and PIS were somewhat large in the prenatal experimental group. The remaining open-field measures and all open-field measures for postnatal groups were relatively near to the nominal values. The type I error distortion in brain weight was very large. Therefore, one should use litter as a basic unit in the analysis of brain weight. As to open-field measures, it might be advisable to use litter whenever prudence is especially required. However, the type I error distortion by using subject as a unit is not serious.View full abstractDownload PDF (584K) -
TADAYUKI TAYAMA, MASATO NAKAMURA, THOMAS S. AIBA1987 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 173-183
Published: December 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo experiments were carried out to investigate duration estimation of rotating-spot-patterns under a situation with the minimum cue to frequency. Twenty-four undergraduates were used as subjects in each experiment. The magnitude estimation method was used in Experiment I, where for a constant duration, the estimate of the duration increased with the velocity of the rotation of the pattern except for that of stationary pattern, where the duration was estimated longer than that for the slowest of the moving patterns. The same tendencies were observed in Experiment II, where the magnitude production method was used. The multiple regression analysis suggested that the best model which explains the velocity effects upon time estimation was a multiplicative one and contained a quadratic function of logarithmically transformed velocity in both experiments. The explanatory principles of the velocity effects and the validity of the model were discussed in the light of past studies.View full abstractDownload PDF (870K) -
MASATOSHI KAWAI1987 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 184-190
Published: December 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to observe reaching from its primitive to its more complete form, using kinematic analysis. Subjects were 55 healthy full term infants, who were divided into age groups of 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months old. Test stimuli were transparent cubes of various sizes, cylinders, and small familiar objects. They were presented on a glass table through an aperture in a facing wall so that they lay in the subject's median plane. The infant's behavior was recorded via one television camera placed underneath the table. The screen image of reaching behavior on the video recorder was analyzed by an X-Y tracker. The trajectory and speed of the reaching were calculated. Findings were as follows: Both straightness and smoothness of hand movements increased with age. A significant change in smooth reaching was observed between 9 and 12 months old and thereafter. However, straightness deteriorated at 18 months for the right hand, and at 24 months for the left hand. Comparing these five groups with respect to velocity, acceleration and deceleration, the speed of movements increased significantly after 12 months, achieveing levels similar to those of adults. These findings suggest that significant developmental changes occur in reaching behavior between 9 and 12 months and again at 18 months.View full abstractDownload PDF (507K) -
FUMIE YABE1987 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 191-196
Published: December 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study investigated the effects of reliability of information retrieved from the subjects' memory on probability inferences. A two-stage inferential task was used, the stages of which were inferences from a retrieved grade in an undergraduate course to a student's actual grade and from the actual grade to the student's admission to the graduate school, respectively. Two factors of uncertainty were manipulated: The reliability of the subjects' memory in the first stage and the diagnosticity of grades concerning admission in the second stage. Ten undergraduates participated as subjects. The pooled data of all subjects showed insensitivity to the reliability of information on which they based their judgments, as had been reported by Trope (1978). On the other hand, their confidence in probability judgments depended on their confidence in recognition judgments. A more detailed inspection of individual subjects' correlations revealed two kinds of response strategies. Independent type subjects assessed the probabilities without regard to the reliability of their memory. Correlated type subjects varied their subjective probabilities with the reliability.View full abstractDownload PDF (440K) -
HIROSHI YAMA1987 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 197-201
Published: December 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study is to identify linguistic and spatial processings in solving three-term series problem by testing relations between this task and two verification tasks, one cornparing sentences against pictures, and the other comparing sentences against kana letters (Japanese syllabary). First, two premises of three-term series problem were presented successively and 35 college students were asked to indicate whether three terms were ordered linearly or not. Next, they participated in the two verification tasks. Twenty-six subjects whose RT data were individually fit to one of component models for the main task were classified into linguistic or spatial group by the value of two parameters. These parameters represented very stable strategies. There was a significant association between the linguistic-spatial grouping and the RT difference between the verification tasks. Moreover, subjects with large value of parameter for spatial models took longer time to solve the sentence-kana verification task than to solve the sentence-picture verification task. It was concluded that subjects who adopted spatial strategy were good at spatial processing and that, the poorer they were at linguistic processing, the larger were their spatial parameters.View full abstractDownload PDF (382K)
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