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Volume 32 (1990)
- Issue 4 Pages 155-
- Issue 3 Pages 107-
- Issue 2 Pages 55-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 32, Issue 2
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
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MOTOO MITSUDA1990 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 55-65
Published: June 26, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRelationships among text comprehension performance and comprehension monitoring activities in 4th- and 6th-graders were studied in an experiment that employed a comprehension monitoring tasks in which those subjects were required to rate their subjectively estimated achievements after their recognition tasks. The 6th-graders showed causal relations among task-related metamemory activities and their text recognition performances. This time, influence of inserted question aids upon those causal relations were observed for both story and science text materials. The results were discussed in terms of subject's use and understandings of macrostructures of text materials that had those subjects use genre-specific reading skills.View full abstractDownload PDF (656K) -
RIKA MIZUNO, MASAMI KAJITA, YASUHIKO NAKANO, HIROHISA ISHIDA, SETSUKO ...1990 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 66-75
Published: June 26, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purposes of this study were to investigate the relationships between the teaching beliefs and the teaching behaviors of elementary school teachers, and to compare the discrepancies between them among Japanese, Australian, and Korean teachers in order to determine the characteristics of each country. Subjects were 212 Japanese, 137 Australian, and 63 Korean teachers. They answered the questionnaires consisting of 88 items each for beliefs and behaviors, having four sections:(a) classroom organization and management, (b) curriculum and instruction, (c) test and evaluation, and (d) motivation. As a result, it was found that the relationship between the teaching beliefs and the teaching behaviors of the Australians were the most congruent, those of the Koreans were the most incongruent, and those of the Japanese were the most ambiguous. These characteristics of the three countries were discussed in terms of the present educational system and organization of each country. The need for further cross-cultural studies in the differences was suggested.View full abstractDownload PDF (703K) -
KATSUO SAIGO, HIDEKO OHMURA1990 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 76-85
Published: June 26, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the present study, we examined the range of conditions which produced kinetic occlusion by apparent movement. Specifically, it was attempted to clarify the relation between apparent kinetic occlusion and depth cues, especially in connection with timing factors. The depth cues used in the experiment were based on size, luminance and shape of stimuli. The results were as follows: the occurrence of kinetic occlusion was closely involved with perceptual depth due to size or luminance, and moreover temporal factors facilitated likelihood of seeing apparent kinetic occlusion. We could not find the effect of shape on it. From the results, it seemed to be reasonable that the phenomenon was based on the depth cue between objects, rather than on the opacity of objects as suggested by other investigators earlier. The results were discussed in relation to intelligent-process in the center.View full abstractDownload PDF (800K) -
Mediating effects of sex and intimacy levels in a dyadMINORU WADA1990 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 86-96
Published: June 26, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe primary purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of a change in interpersonal distance on nonverbal behaviors. At the same time, the effects of sex and dyadic intimacy on nonverbal behaviors were also investigated. The nonverbal behaviors examined in this study consisted of gaze, eye-to-eye contact (EC), smile, head orientation (HO), body orientation, body lean, and utterances. Thirty-six undergraduates (18 males and 18 females) were asked to interact in same-sex pairs. The major findings were as follows.(1) The results provided general support for the affiliative conflict theory. However, when the dyad was very intimate, an increase or decrease in interpersonal distance did not cause any compensatory shift in EC nor in the mean duration of smile.(2) Only the total duration of HO and EC were significantly influenced by sex; males engaged in more HO and less EC than females.(3) The effect of dyadic intimacy reached marginal significance only on EC. The more intimate the dyad, the more the dyad engaged in EC activities.View full abstractDownload PDF (830K) -
KIYOSHI ISHII1990 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 97-100
Published: June 26, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEmploying the conditioned suppression paradigm, this study aimed at to investigate how durations of conditioned stimulus (CS) and non-CS period (CS) affect the learning of stimulus-stimulus relationship. Five groups of 10 rats in each were trained for the suppression of water-licking to CS (tone) by pairing it with US (mild foot-shock) in the different combinations of CS and CS duration. After 10-day conditioning sessions, rats were given four test trials in which 10-s CS was presented without US. The results of the test revealed that the subjects with a lower CS/CS ratio acquired a greater degree of suppression to the CS, and that the suppression was found in a similar level among the groups given the same CS/CS ratio in spite of the difference in absolute durations of the CS and CS.View full abstractDownload PDF (293K) -
HIROSHI YAMA, TAKAO UMEMOTO, YOKO KINJO1990 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 101-106
Published: June 26, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to investigate relationship between aptitude, task performance, and solution strategy of the three-term series problem, which is one of the most simple deductive reasoning. A sample of 25 subjects was selected from a larger sample of 121 female college students. They had previously taken the Kyoto University SX Intelligence Test and participated in the experiment in which, two premises of the problem being presented successively, they indicated whether three terms were ordered linearly or not. Six alternative models each corresponding to different strategies were supposed and 16 of subjects were divided into four groups by testing which model each subject's data were fit to. The results were that the correlation between general intellectual aptitude and the performance was not significant, that some strategies were advantageous for accuracy, that subjects of some strategy groups had higher intellectual abilities, and that the best strategy for accuracy did not necessarily require the highest abilities to be executed. Aptitude didn't have a direct effect on performance, but on strategy.View full abstractDownload PDF (422K)
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