基礎心理学研究

表紙

原稿種別: 表紙
2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. Cover1-
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413807

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原稿種別: 表紙
2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. Cover3-
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413835

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構造記述システムにおける図形表象の長期保持

西野由利恵

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 1-7
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413810

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Two experiments were conducted to examine whether pictorial representation is retained for a long time in the structural description system (Schacter, Cooper & Delaney, 1990 a; Schacter, Cooper, Delaney, Peterson & Tharan, 1991) that is a part of implicit memory system. Following things were found: (1) the pictorial representation was retained for 7 months (Experiment 1), (2) this retention is not due to explicit memory system (Experiment 2). These results indicate that the pictorial representation is retained in the structural description system for a long time. Implication for the function of long-term retention for pictorial representation in the structural description system is discussed.

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顔から年齢を読むのはうまくなるか : 年齢の判断に及ぼす経験の効果

佐山公一

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 8-13
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413811

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What makes the accuracy of estimating ages from faces change? This research examines how it changes according to how much previous experience people had meeting those of about the same age as the people that they are trying to judge. Twenty nursery school teachers and 20 nursing home employees participated in the experiment. The former subjects are always meeting with children and the latter subjects are always seeing the elderly. The results indicated that the accuracy increases depending on their previous experience. The results suggest that as they acquire more experience, they learn to make a facial representation in which whole-part relations are represented in detail. The results showed that the nursery school teachers tried to use the information of the hair, eyes, mouth and cheeks of the children, and the nursing home employees tried to use the information of the skin, hair, eyes of the elderly.

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和音プライミングにおける刺激間間隔とプライム和音の成分音の影響

荒生弘史, 三浦佳世

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 14-20
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413812

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Two chord-priming experiments employing the in-tune/out-of-tune decision task examined whether facilitation or disruption is dominant at brief inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) (Experiment 1), and whether each component tone of prime chords triggers the priming effects (Experiment 2). At all the ISIs (25, 100, 400ms), responses were significantly slower with higher error rates in the unrelated-prime condition than in the control condition, whereas responses were not significantly faster in the related-prime condition than in the control condition. No component tone of a related or unrelated prime chord triggered facilitation or disruption as much as the prime chords did. Thus, at brief ISIs disruption by the unrelated prime chords is dominant over facilitation by the related prime chords, which is similar to the results at longer ISIs (500, 2500ms) reported in the previous study. Pitch information regarding a specific tone in chords as a prime may not cause the disruptive effect, rather whole tones in chords may establish musical schemata, and mismatch events to the schemata disrupt the encoding process of the events.

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A-01 マウス網膜神経節細胞の光応答特性

石金浩史, 立花政夫

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 21-22
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413813

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We studied the receptive field properties of ganglion cells in the isolated mouse retina. Ganglion cells were classified into ON, OFF, and ON-OFF cells based on the responses to flash. ON and OFF cells were further divided into transient and sustained types. To examine the direction and orientation selectivity the retinas were stimulated with a drifted grating. Some ganglion cells showed the direction selectivity or the orientation selectivity but others showed no selectivity. These results suggest that functional differentiations of the retina may be similar between the mouse and other higher mammals.

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A-09 二重課題法を用いた視覚的注意の時空間勾配の解明

渕上正吾

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 23-24
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413814

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Dual task experiments were made to reveal the spatio-temporal distribution of visual attention. Two circularly-arranged visual search displays were presented successively (SOA=200〜700ms), both of them required discrimination tasks. Attention was controlled by the first task, and the performance for the second target (probe) in relation to the first target position was measured. For shorter SOAs, performance was best for the probe presented at the same position as the target. By the distance from the target, performance decreased rapidly, then increased again. Such a trend diminished for longer SOAs. The same trend was obtained even when the task was not required for the first target, but it was not obtained when the first display included no distractors. These results suggest that our visual attention shows center-surround organization which lasts for 400〜500ms from the evocation. Such an organization is commonly observed for both of top-down and bottom-up attention as long as competing stimuli exist.

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A-13 脳損傷者の視覚的統合に関する研究 : 要素呈示法による検討

柴崎光世, 吉田弘司, 利島保

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 25-26
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413815

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Using the element presentation method (Ikeda & Uchikawa, 1978), we investigated dysfunctions in the visual integration process of patients with unilateral brain damage. Right-hemisphere-damaged (RHD), left-hemisphere-damaged (LHD), and young and elderly normal groups were asked to name familiar objects, whose elements were successively presented with various time intervals and durations. Both brain-damaged groups showed clear deficits in object recognition with the cognitive performance of the RHD group consistently worse than the LHD group. These suggest that the integration processes of those patients are also impaired and the right hemisphere is predominant in the spatio-temporal integration of visual elements.

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B-02 ワーキングメモリの資源共有モデルに関する検討

近藤洋史, 苧阪直行

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 27-28
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413816

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The function of working memory has been studied with the dual task method, in which participants are asked to perform two cognitive tasks concurrently. The resource sharing model of working memory hypothesizes that performances on the two concurrently performed tasks should exhibit a trade-off function. We quantitatively evaluated this hypothesis using the spatial span task (Shah & Miyake, 1996), which consists of two component task requirements: maintaining letter orientations (the storage task) and judging whether the individual letters are normal or mirror-imaged by performing mental rotation (the processing task). The results showed that the performance level for the storage task decreased as the difficulty of the processing task increased, thus supporting the trade-off hypothesis.

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B-14 顔と対象物認知過程における時間および空間の影響 : 要素呈示法とワーキングメモリ課題を用いた検討

永山ルツ子, 吉田弘司, 柴崎光世, 利島保

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 29-30
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413817

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We examined effects of temporal and spatial factors on face and object recognition in an attempt to investigate the processes underlying these two different types of visual recognition. In Experiment 1, the ability of temporal-spatial integration for face and object recognition was examined by using the so-called element presentation paradigm. In Experiment 2, the visuo-spatial short-term memory for faces and objects was examined. Temporal and spatial factors both affected face and object recognition differently not only in the very early stage of visual recognition (Experiment 1) but also at the stages of working memory (Experiment 2), a finding suggests the essential difference in processing the visual images of faces and objects.

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C-05 Ouchi錯視における刺激サイズの効果

蘆田宏

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 31-32
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413818

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This study examined how the sizes of the inset pattern and of the checker elements affect Ouchi illusion, an illusory sense of motion in a combined orthogonal checkerboard patterns. A psychological experiment revealed that the optimal element size is constant for large variation of the inset size while the optimal inset size linearly increased with the element size, which yielded a partial scale invariance. The results suggested that two distinct processes underlie this illusion: local motion vector calculation that leads to directional biases, and surface segmentation based on the biased motion vectors.

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C-16 中心視と視覚的注意

大橋智樹, 佐々木宏之

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 33-34
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413819

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The studies of visual attention have mainly focused on the experimental manipulations on peripheral vision. Attentional Blink Phenomenon, on the other hand, has been addressed by the studies on visual attention involving the central vision. In the actual settings, however, information is acquired as a result of interactions between processings of the central and peripheral visions. It may be necessary to consider this relationship in order to characterize visual attention. In this research, we measured the changes of performance on the central vision by a detection task, while shifting attention toward the peripheral locations. The results showed that the processing efficacy of the central vision was drastically reduced at time interval that maximizes the processing of peripheral stimulation as the attentional focus shifted from the central toward peripheral visions.

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D-04 負のプライミングにおける刺激の回転の影響 : 文字同定課題を用いた検討

永井淳一, 横澤一彦

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 35-36
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413820

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We investigated the effects of stimulus rotation on negative priming (NP) using the character identification task. The rotating manipulation (180°) was applied to only the distractor characters in Experiment 1, both the targets and the distractors in Experiment 2, and only the targets in Experiment 3. As a result, when the distractors were rotated, NP was not obtained whether the targets were rotated or not (Experiments 1 and 2). When the distractors were not rotated, however, NP was obtained regardless of the targets' rotation (Experiment 3). The results suggest that the inhibitory mechanism of attention may not operate on the rotated distractor characters.

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D-07 Pop-outのプライミングの記憶容量および加齢の影響

葭田貴子, 和気典二, 苧阪直行

原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 37-38
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413821

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We performed experiments in which observers were instructed to respond to the subtle shape of an odd colored target (pop-out), and investigated priming effects of the past trials on the reaction time of the current trial with Memory Kernel Analysis (Maljkovic & Nakayama, 1994; 1996; 2000). The results showed that with respect to target color and position, both facilitation for the repeated and inhibition for the changed are greatest for trials prior to the current trial, and these effects decay over the succeeding approximately three to eleven trials. In addition, these effects were observed independently of ISI, number of distractors, eye movements, and subject's age group. On the other hand, target shape was primed only from immediate one trial, and older subjects did not show this effect.

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E-01 視差検出における空間周波数の相互作用

柳淳二, 佐藤隆夫

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 39-40
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413822

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Using two superimposed sinusoidal gratings (target and inducer), we investigated the spatial frequency interaction in binocular stereopsis. The depth of target was ambiguous since the phases for both eyes were reversed, while we devised the inducer so that its depth was perceived unambiguously. We found that the perceived target depth was assimilated to the inducer when inducer spatial frequency was lower than target frequency. Under reversed spatial frequency relationship, on the other hand, target depth was perceived in the depth direction opposite the inducer. Such results suggest that, in addition to the depth assimilation from lower to higher spatial frequency, there might be an inhibitory interaction from higher to lower frequency.

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E-02 両眼視差の検出閾に対する輻輳角の効果

繁桝博昭, 佐藤隆夫

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 41-42
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413823

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Our previous study indicates that the small binocular disparity can cause the depth perception in the longer distance, but not in the shorter distance (Sato, Shindate & Shigemasu, 1999). This result suggests that the threshold for disparity detection would depend on the viewing distance. In this study, we investigated whether or not the disparity detection threshold depends on convergence, which is a low level cue for distance estimation. It is found that the disparity detection is significantly more sensitive at the smaller vergence angle (262 min) than at the larger vergence angle (524 min). This result suggests that the sensitivity to binocular disparity is modulated by convergence. This hypothesis is supported by the physiological study (Trotter, 1995).

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E-08 奥行き方向の視覚走査に関する基礎的検討

菅沼睦, 横澤一彦

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 43-44
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413824

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In this study, we investigated the properties of curve tracing in three-dimensionally presented stimuli. We performed two experiments that utilized two types of three-dimensional arrangements. In Exp. 1 we controlled the depth within a three-dimensionally presented line, and in Exp. 2 the depth between lines. In Exp. 1 RT to detect two probes on the same line was longer in 3-D condition than in 2-D condition. In Exp. 2, however, RT in 3-D condition was shorter than that in 2-D condition. Our results suggest that curve tracing occurs three-dimensionally, and the effect of depth may be a cost or a benefit, according to the three-dimensional arrangement.

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F-05 前頭葉損傷に伴う虚再認傾向の増加

梅田聡, 小谷津孝明

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 45-46
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413825

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In the present study, we used the typical false recognition paradigm to test a hypothesis that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) mediates context judgment and retrieving past events. Eight VMPFC patients and ten normal control subjects were first requested to learn 18 sets of 14 semantic associates. In the test phase, the participants were asked to recognize for pairedwords including true words, related lures, and unrelated lures. The VMPFC patients showed significantly higher false alarm rate than the normal subjects for lure words. A further analysis suggests that the VMPFC patients were more likely to fail to judge contexts and to retrieve past events.

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F-10 形態認知の研究(6) : 形態記憶における図形の有意味性の影響

和田有史, 山田寛, 大山正

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 47-48
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413826

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We investigated effects of the meaningfulness and regularity of forms on visual memory. In the experiment, 40 subjects performed a recognition memory task with confidence ratings. According to a statistical distortion rule, all stimuli were generated from original figures with high-or low-meaningfulness and with bilateral or n-fold symmetry. The obtained interaction between figural features and their meaningfulness implies that the meaningfulness and regularity of forms complementarily facilitate the normalization on visual memory.

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企画の趣旨(ツールとしての事象関連電位,フォーラム)

宮谷真人

原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 49-
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413827

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事象関連電位と視覚探索研究(ツールとしての事象関連電位,フォーラム)

宮谷真人

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 50-53
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413828

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To evaluate the availability of the event-related potentials (ERPs) as a tool for psychological research, several studies on visual search using ERPs are given methodological considerations. High temporal resolution is the most remarkable advantage of the ERP measure. This merit was fully utilized in a study of Woodman & Luck (1999), where the N 2 pc component was used as a marker of the moment-by-moment direction of attention. Some attempts to identify ERP correlates of working memory suggest that temporal and spatial overlaps of multiple components in scalp ERP recordings have both advantages and disadvantages. It is also pointed out that incongruity between behavioral and ERP measures can convey a lot of hints for the nature of psychological processes.

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事象関連電位と障害児(者)研究(ツールとしての事象関連電位,フォーラム)

今塩屋隼男

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 54-59
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413829

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ERPs are regarded as an effective and attractive indicator, particularly of the relationship between the mental processes and the brain activities of human beings, and it is drawing serious attention of the researchers in this field. This forum introduces some studies on the diagnosis of diseases, as well as on the psychological processes of disabled persons, based on various types of ERPs. The following three types of studies are introduced here: (1) the studies using ABR induced by a sound stimulus running through the brain-stem in a few milliseconds, particularly, the studies on the audiometry of the persons with communication difficulties and on the functions of the brain-stems of disabled persons; (2) the studies on the face recognition functions of autistic persons from the observation of face-related potentials that are found intensively, specifically, in human faces; and (3) the studies on the psychological characteristics of disabled persons based on CNV that well reflects higher mental functions such as motivations and conations. It can be suggested here that ERPs should be an effective tool for psychological studies on disabled persons in the future.

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睡眠中の注意(見張り番機構)と事象関連電位(ツールとしての事象関連電位,フォーラム)

堀忠雄

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2000 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 60-65
発行日: 2000/09/30
公開日: 2016/11/17

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14947/psychono.KJ00004413830

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After the onset of light sleep (stage 2 sleep), behavioral response rapidly decrease and worse. Because of this, many researches addressed the question of whether it is possible to process information presented during sleep. By using the ERP, it is revealed that the night watching system of the brain could process simple perception and discrimination as well as more complex cognitive activity and contribute to determining whether interrupting sleep process or ignoring environmental change and to keep continue to sleep. During stage 1 sleep and REM sleep, experiences of hypnagogic imaging or dreaming diminished the ERP amplitude to the external stimulus. These decreases are interpreted as the diminution of the allocation of attention to the external stimuli. For the protection of the sleeping against the meaningless environmental changes, the night-watching system has to work without disturbing the sleep process. Under these restricted conditions, the activities of scanning function during sleep should be masked as an unconscious process. It is hypothesized that scanning of the environment is performed by a different system in the sleep state than in the awake state and that during drowsiness (stage 1 sleep) a gradual switch between these two systems takes place.

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