品質
Online ISSN : 2432-1044
Print ISSN : 0386-8230
42 巻, 3 号
選択された号の論文の15件中1~15を表示しています
特集
  • 向殿 政男
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全安心社会の実現 ~現在の取り組みと将来への道標~ 』
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 290-297
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Inherent safety is an important and fundamental concept to design systems safe. The main purposes of this article are to introduce the concept of inherent safety and to clarify the relationships between inherent safety, intrinsic safety and fail safety. After some fundamental concepts concerning safety, such as definition of safety, the order of priority of safety measures, three steps method and risk assessment, are introduced, many inherently safe design measures are listed up. At this point distinction between inherent safety and inherently safety is proposed. The relationships between inherent safety and intrinsic safety, passive safety and active safety, functional safety and inherent safety, are clarified. Finally, the relationship between inherent safety and fail safety is discussed in detail.
  • 角野 久史, 米虫 節夫
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全安心社会の実現 ~現在の取り組みと将来への道標~ 』
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 298-304
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Food safety and security have became a very important subject at present, because eating food is most important to maintain human life. In this article, 1) radioactive food poisoning caused by explosions of atomic power station, 2) food additives, 3) pesticide residue, 4) genetically modified food and 5) food poisoning are discussed, and proposed the necessity of management systems such as ISO9001, ISO22000 and other risk-management systems.
  • 飯塚 悦功
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全安心社会の実現 ~現在の取り組みと将来への道標~ 』
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 305-313
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    With the successive reports on adverse events in healthcare, social needs for the assurance of healthcare quality and safety has been increasing. Along this line, healthcare society has initiated variety of activities for quality and safety, including joint researches which have been performed through the collaboration of experts from a various science. This approach is expected to result in the establishment of a new science of "healthcare safety and relief", which is significant to establish a sound healthcare social system. It should be noted that healthcare is a "socio-technology". Socio-technology is defined as a technology, i.e. a reproducible methodology to achieve an objective, to be owned collectively by whole society. Healthcare quality and safety needs to be supported by a series of socio-technologies including ; - Social common sense about principles of healthcare quality and safety, - Social knowledge infrastructure for structured clinical knowledge, safety technology and healthcare management system model, and - Implementation of these knowledge and technology in hospitals. This paper discusses overall picture of healthcare quality and safety as a "socio-technology", including its meaning, significance, scheme and mechanism.
  • 石原 雄二, 小森 健治, 渡辺 俊彦, 青野 博, 杉原 健治
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全安心社会の実現 ~現在の取り組みと将来への道標~ 』
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 314-321
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    For the next generation of people all around the world, Panasonic Corporation Group companies want to lead the way in bringing about green revolution that will start with our everyday lives, by continuing to make various proposals to provide safety, peace of mind and comfort to people's lives sustainably. We believe that this is surely the right approach for us to putting our management philosophy into practice in today. "Human Resource Development Company (HRDC)" is the center of human resource development towards the realization of our concept described above, and plays a role of the educational institution of management, technology including safety engineering and so on for domestic/ overseas employees. HRDC also invites many internal and external lecturers for employees' education. "Expert Course of Risk Assessment" of HRDC is the course that develops specialists (Risk Assessors) in product safety. In this paper, we introduce some kind of the risk assessment system, using a risk matrix table and so on. We also introduce discussions on the present problems and future prospects with regard to the training / activity of Risk Assessors and the development of experts involved in product safety by the trainees in "Expert Course of Risk Assessment".
  • 首藤 俊夫
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全安心社会の実現 ~現在の取り組みと将来への道標~ 』
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 322-329
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    The aircraft and the railway system are composed of a lot of equipment, and the function is a complex integrated system. The complex integrated system has the problem on safety like the balance etc. of the integrity including the compatibility in the functional portion concerning the equipment interaction and the interface depending on the design condition, the operational environment, and the operating condition. Such a complex integrated system has the new risk that was not able to be assumed in the idea of the technology that secures the safety of the single machine. In each phase (concept, design, fabrication/construction, test, and operation) at the system life cycle, there is a common technology that secures safety. It is necessary to secure the safety of the integrated system by execution and management by a consistent safety program through the entire system. The system safety engineering of the United States birth is a common technology to secure safety during the life cycle of the integrated system. In this text, it introduces how this system safety engineering is applied to the development of the aircraft and the railway system.
  • 斎藤 朗, 山出 康世, 首藤 由紀, 瀧田 雅美, 小池 博子, 伊藤 壽一郎, 牧野 眞臣
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全安心社会の実現 ~現在の取り組みと将来への道標~ 』
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 330-337
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Focusing on some tangible safety matters are clearly not enough to sustain and enhance nuclear safety. Intangible matters such as human factor, consensus building, are significant. The studies range widely, human factor, quality management, Science and Technology for Society, and so on. However, study-sharing among them has been insufficient. Therefore, industry, government and research institution cooperated to organize issues related to nuclear power in the past, including the Tohoku Earthquake. It comes to conclusion as follows : ・Technology Map : Figure showing the relationship between knowledge and studies to solve the issues. ・Researcher Lists : Lists of human resources needed to resolve the issues. ・Strategy Map : Figure showing the relationship between priority issues and studies to solve them.
  • 山田 陽滋
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全安心社会の実現 ~現在の取り組みと将来への道標~ 』
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 338-344
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    The author describes issues on the safety technology of such robots as being associated with both collaborative operation at next-generation production sites and healthcare/welfare supports in aging societies where robots are allowed to coexist in human environments. He briefly introduces an international safety standard "Robots and robotic devices--Safety requirements--Non-medical personal care robot", and compares some requirements with those described in the safety standard for industrial robots. The standard includes risk assessment and safety requirements for risk elimination/reduction at the design stage of personal care robots. In the clause of risk assessment, it is stressed that unknown objects or environments have to be taken because it is a unique problem in robotic fields. In the next clause, 3-step methodology is listed for each of the hazards. The following clause deals with the performance of integrity levels required for the safety functions of robots, where comparative issues are developed between the performance of such functions for industrial robots and those for personal care robots. Stop category specific to some types of personal care robots is also explained. Finally, the author summarizes the contents and looks down at the international standardization activity to conclude that conducting a risk assessment is of fundamental importance.
  • ノイドルファ アルフレッド, 城 結花
    原稿種別: 特集 『安全安心社会の実現 ~現在の取り組みと将来への道標~ 』
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 345-352
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Starting with a historic review on machine-related safety, this article describes in detail the effect of European product safety legislation on the design of safety-conform machinery in Germany. It presents the structure and the aims of the European Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC. Furthermore it discusses the effects of the essential health and safety requirements defined in the European Machinery Directive and describes the principle of the 3-step-method in safety engineering and it's realization during design and construction of machinery. Next, the system of European Standards is presented, which define the state of the art in machine safety according to the European Machinery Directive. The article also discusses the legal relevance of harmonized European Standards and their limitations for the realization of safety-engineering solutions. In special focus are current questions of machine safety, especially methods to assure the functional safety and reliability of control systems and how to prevent frequently discovered manipulations of safety devices. Future developments in machinery safety, as far as they are yet predictable, complete the article.
連載
  • 根城 寿
    原稿種別: 連載 『ISO 26262-自動車業界における機能安全に対する取り組み-』
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 354-359
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    ISO26262, functional safety standard for road vehicles has a great impact on the automotive industry including manufacturers and parts suppliers. The background of this standard is a social demand for safety because of the increasing complexity of electronic control in vehicles. Automotive manufacturers have started already to adapt to this standard for safety accountability and future regulation. This paper mainly intends to introduce and give an overview, including issues surrounding the standard. At first, the basic concept of functional safety and positioning on IEC61508 are mentioned to outline the standard. In order to give some technical topics, it explains about item definition, ASIL derivation, fault variation approach and decomposition of software. In overview, it summarizes scope, architecture and each part of the standard. To give readers some insight of the standard, it mentions other topics such as practical adoption consensus, compliance certification, "State of the art" and process improvement activity. Moreover, issues of adoption are addressed, such as standard comprehension, requirement management, infrastructure for traceability, and safety culture. It concludes that adoption activities should be considered not only for compliance, but also as an opportunity for a further leap forward in cometitive advantage for the Japanese automotive industry.
  • -福村文雄氏(改善推進本部長)・名取良弘氏(ISO委員会委員長)へのインタビュー-
    水流 聡子, 加藤 省吾
    原稿種別: 連載 『医療・福祉機関における質・安全保証に関する取り組み』
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 361-364
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    We interviewed Dr. Fukumura (General Manager, Improvement Promotion Head Office) and Dr. Natori (Chairman, ISO Committee in the hospital) from the private established Iizuka Hospital, which is an acute care hospital in Iizuka, Fukuoka Prefecture. The hospital medical director is Dr. Jiro Tanaka and there are 1,116 beds, with a total employee count of 2,025 (245 doctors, 958, nurses, 370 medical technicians and 452 other employees). QC circle activities have been continuing since 1992 in the form of TQM, more familiarly known as PDCA, and improvement at the operational level has become second nature. In spite of this, accidents have arisen and from the perspective of quality improvement, ISO9001 Quality Management Model was introduced as part of QMS. Interview contents are (1) History and organizational efforts in quality and safety assurance (Started from QC circle activities and is now introducing ISO standards, Organization and standardization of manuals and work processes, Creation of internal audit mechanisms), (2) Management innovation in large organizations (Utilization and training for medical care managers in the middle management, Policy of hospital director and secretariat, Support for turnover in human resource (HR), Policy management, Use of ISO as a management model).
論文誌編
報文
  • アブレート グルミレ, エルバス ボリス, 蜂屋 聡子, 松川 祐子, フランク ビョーン, スワナベルト J・シェーン, 圓川 隆夫
    原稿種別: 報文
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 377-387
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    顧客維持や創造のためにCS向上の企業努力がなされる中,同時期におけるCSとマーケットシェアの関係は相関がないか,負の相関をもつというFornell等の研究が知られている.しかしながら,これはCS向上を目指す企業努力の正当性と矛盾しかねない.そこで本論文ではそのメカニズムを解明するために, CS関連指標とシェアとの関係は,製品・サービスや国によって異なるという仮説のもとに, 8つの国・地域そして8つの製品・サービスのCS関連指標の調査を行った.その結果,先進国か新興国かの国の成熟度と,製品・サービスのその国における相対CS尺度という2つの媒介変数が,両者の関係に介在していること,そして先進国で相対CSが低い製品・サービスのみFornell等の見解は成り立つ,新興国や先進国でも相対CSが高い製品・サービスでは,相関がないかむしろ正の相関をもつことを, CSだけでなく知覚品質,知覚価値,企業イメージ等のCS関連尺度との関係を含めて明らかにした.
  • 梶原 千里, 棟近 雅彦, 金子 雅明, 佐野 雅隆
    原稿種別: 報文
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 388-399
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    医療の質向上に向け,組織的に業務の質を管理,改善するための仕組みである質マネジメントシステム(以下, QMS)を導入・推進する病院が増えている.安全は質の一要素であるが,医療は特に安全を重視すべきである.したがって,病院が医療安全マネジメントを実践することは, QMSの中でも重点的な活動である.しかし,現状では医療安全マネジメントシステムを運用するための教育を体系的に実施できておらず,医療安全マネジメントシステムの運用を難しくしている.本研究では,医療安全マネジメントを実践できる人材を育てるための教育を医療安全教育と定義した.そして,産業界でのQMSの考え方や活動を参考にして,その教育で教えるべき医療安全教育項目を導出した.導出した教育項目を整理し,医療安全教育項目一覧表を提案した.この一覧表を活用することで,各病院にて医療安全教育体系の確立や見直しを行うことが可能となる.実際にある病院に,一覧表を活用した教育の計画立案と実施を依頼した.その結果,現状の医療安全活動の問題を改善するために必要な教育項目を一覧表から選択できた.また,計画に沿って実施した教育が有効であったことも確認することができた.
応用研究論文
  • 河野 哲也, 西 康晴
    原稿種別: 応用研究論文
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 400-411
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    現在,外部機能仕様書に基づくシステムテストでは,十分なテスト実施工数を割り当てられないため,品質リスクなどに基づいて限定的にテスト項目を設計している.品質リスクの一つとして欠陥作り込み要因があり,モデルの規模の大きさや複雑さや,過去の欠陥の傾向,開発成果物の記述の曖昧さなど様々な捉え方で従来検討されている.本論文では自然言語で記述された外部機能仕様書を対象とし,仕様記述の曖昧さを特定し限定的にテスト項目を設計することを目的とする.開発成果物の記述の曖昧さに関する従来研究には, Kamstiesらの研究, Kanerらの障害の分類, 7つの設計原理があるが,これらの研究は多面的に曖昧な仕様記述を特定できない.また, SRS特性は,曖昧な仕様記述の特定が暗黙的になってしまう.よって本論文では,外部機能仕様書における曖昧な仕様記述に関して実践的な検討・整理を行うことにより,曖昧な仕様記述を後工程欠陥要因と定義し,多面的に後工程欠陥要因の特定が行えるようにするために27の後工程欠陥要因の観点を提案する.そして,後工程欠陥要因の観点に基づきテスト項目設計法を提案する.最後に提案の有効性を確認する.
クオリティレポート
  • 村上 哲也, 中條 武志
    原稿種別: クオリティレポート
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 412-419
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    開発の初期段階に行うコンセプトテストでは,製品コンセプトを文章やイラストによって表現し,顧客に提示するのが一般的であり,コンセプトの内容を正しく理解してもらう工夫が大切となる.本論文では,加藤らのフレームワークに従って,製品コンセプトにおける使用シーンの表現の具体性を系統的に変化させ,コンジョイント分析におけるコンセプトの識別性にどのような影響を与えるかを明らかにすることを試みた.結果として,品質要素の種類(性能,操作性,信頼性),製品の特性(使用方法の多さ,使用場所の多様さ)により,影響が異なること,これらの影響の相違は, (a)品質要素に対する関心の強さ, (b)品質要素を理解するためにはどのような使用シーンを想起する必要があるのか, (c)製品の特性によって生じる,顧客がアイデア・効用から想起する使用シーンと提示した使用シーンとの不一致, (d)提示する情報の量が増えることによる理解の困難さ,の4つを考慮することで,総合的に解釈できることがわかった.
  • 中條 武志, 正木 善雄, 向井 稔
    原稿種別: クオリティレポート
    2012 年 42 巻 3 号 p. 420-428
    発行日: 2012/07/15
    公開日: 2017/08/30
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    本研究では,複数の製品・サービスについてインターネットを用いた自由書式の質問による顧客ニーズ調査を行い,静止画および動画を提示することで,引き出せるニーズの内容や具体性がどのように変化するかを明らかにすることを試みた.結果として,動画・静止画を提示することにより,画像を提示しない場合に比べてより多くのニーズが得られること,増えるのは要求品質展開表の低次に対応する具体的なニーズであり,特に,感性品質,応用性・汎用性,使用性に関するニーズが得られること,第三者視点の画像を提示することでより大きい効果が得られること,画像の種類と画像の視点,画像の視点と提示するシーンの間に交互作用があることなどが分かった.
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