The Journal of Research Institute for the History of Global Arms Transfer
Online ISSN : 2423-8546
Print ISSN : 2423-8538
ISSN-L : 2423-8538
Volume 2019, Issue 2
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
  • [in Japanese]
    2019 Volume 2019 Issue 2 Pages 1-2
    Published: July 23, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
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  • TAMARA ENOMOTO
    2019 Volume 2019 Issue 2 Pages 3-18
    Published: July 23, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    Since the 1990s, there has been a proliferation of initiatives to create regional and global instruments establishing common criteria for assessing arms transfer licenses. These activities culminated in 2013 with the adoption of the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). A Conference of States Parties to the ATT has been held annually since 2015, the fourth of which was held in Tokyo from 20 to 24 August 2018. As the introductory article of a collection of four articles based on presentations at the international symposium on 18 August 2018, at the Meiji University Research Institute for the History of Global Arms Transfer (RIHGAT) in Tokyo, this article aims to sketch the history of arms transfer control and to briefly introduce the challenges facing the ATT. The following three articles address those challenges further; all four articles have been updated in the past year. The collection aims to provide the bases for policy debates ahead of the Fifth Conference of States Parties to the ATT, to be held from 26 to 30 August 2019 in Switzerland.
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  • PAUL HOLTOM
    2019 Volume 2019 Issue 2 Pages 19-38
    Published: July 23, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    This article asks whether the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) can achieve its purpose of increasing transparency in the international arms trade. After introducing the concepts of intergovernmental and public transparency in international arms transfers, the article provides examples of key transparency instruments with a focus on United Nations Register of Conventional Arms (UNROCA). The article reviews ATT annual reports submitted during 2016-18, which provide information on international transfers of conventional arms that took place during 2015-17 in comparison to UNROCA submissions for this period. The article concludes that the ATT has the potential to increase the number of States that make information on their arms transfers publicly available, especially if States Parties take advantage of the opportunities for capacity building that could be provided via the ATT voluntary trust fund (VTF). Yet there are worrying signs that several ATT States Parties are providing less detailed information in their ATT reports than they used to provide for UNROCA. Therefore, States Parties and non-governmental organizations need to remain vigilant and highlight backsliding in reporting before obfuscation of information becomes a ‘norm’ in transparency in international transfers of conventional arms.
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  • MITZI AUSTERO, PAULEEN GOROSPE
    2019 Volume 2019 Issue 2 Pages 39-53
    Published: July 23, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
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    This article looks into the challenges of developing criteria for the risk assessment of arms transfers in Southeast Asia, carefully considering the region’s experiences with armed conflicts, high levels of armed violence, and proliferation of weapons. Distinct regional experiences call for a regional approach. Informal and sub-national cooperation in the region, which is used more than the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)’s official regional mechanisms, can help build and strengthen formal structures to support arms control regimes and encourage national governments to adopt international instruments. This pragmatic approach incorporates disparities in the levels of development, presence of armed conflicts, and the different security needs of each country, which can complement international agreements, such as the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). This article recommends a regional focus on the risk assessment for arms transfers, including national and regional contexts to ease the adoption of international agreements in the region.
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  • A Challenge for Arms Trade Treaty States Parties
    NICHOLAS MARSH
    2019 Volume 2019 Issue 2 Pages 55-66
    Published: July 23, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    This article examines the obligations contained in the Arms Trade Treaty for preventing diversion, which is defined as the movement from authorized to unauthorized possession or use. It argues that in different places, the treaty covers both diversions taking place during a transfer and after the transfer has been completed. The article then considers the different ways that authorization can be granted; it points out that a diversion can occur if any state involved in a transfer has not provided authorization. The article then presents three examples of diversion in contemporary armed conflicts: the 2011 war in Libya; supplies to Afghanistan and Iraq between 2003 and 2016; and an export of small arms and ammunition from China to Nigeria, which was brokered from the United Kingdom. In each example, the nature of a diversion is highlighted, as are the specific issues for implementation of the Arms Trade Treaty. The article concludes with the observations that states parties need to control the activities of arms brokers, much more knowledge is needed by states parties to help them predict when a diversion may occur, and a key priority for international cooperation and assistance should be to enhance stockpile security and management.
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  • Emilio Pucci, Mary Wells, and the Braniff Airways Stewardess of the 1960s
    PHIL TIEMEYER
    2019 Volume 2019 Issue 2 Pages 67-82
    Published: July 23, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    This article considers the bold redesign of stewardess uniforms that designer Emilio Pucci undertook at Braniff Airways in 1965. As part of a larger marketing campaign to alleviate customer fears about the generic nature of jet travel, Braniff promised “The End of the Plain Plane” through injections of color, high-end style, and the objectification of stewardesses. The adoption of jet technology thereby significantly impacted women, at a time when the United States was experiencing the rise of a new feminist wave. What this article terms “Jet Age feminism” is quite different from the radical feminism that not only sought parity with men in careers but also demanded an end to the physical objectification of women, contesting the stringent beauty norms placed on women even at work. In contrast, “Jet Age feminism” was inspired by people like ad executive Mary Wells, who masterminded the Braniff campaign, and Cosmopolitan magazine editor Helen Gurley Brown. Braniff’s newly outfitted stewardesses embodied much of these women’s feminist vision: promoting greater public mobility for women without dismantling beauty culture. The end result was a compromised feminism that benefitted wealthy career women like Wells, without freeing Braniff’s stewardesses to attain the same access to life-long careers.
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  • S. WAQAR H. ZAIDI
    2019 Volume 2019 Issue 2 Pages 83-97
    Published: July 23, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    This paper is a preliminary exploration of the nature and extent of U.S. aid for Pakistani civil aviation in the 1950s, and the relationship of this aid to the wider political and economic ties forged between the two countries at that time. It suggests that the United States was central in shaping the development of Pakistani civil aviation in this period, and that U.S. aerial aid was part of the wider capture of Pakistan into the U.S. military-strategic orbit in the fifties. The paper in particular posits a connection between U.S. aid for Pakistani civil aviation and the usefulness of Pakistan as a military ally in the Cold War. The paper suggests that the growth of international civil aviation in Asia was to a certain extent driven by the United States and its geopolitical and commercial concerns.
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  • The Roles of Taihei Kumiai and Shouwa Tsuushou
    ATSUSHI KOKETSU
    2019 Volume 2019 Issue 2 Pages 99-125
    Published: July 23, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    This paper involves studies of the Japanese history of arms production problems from the 1920s to the 1940s. Presenting and analysing documents, we consider the purposes for the establishment and expected roles of two arms export companies, Taihei Kumiai and Shouwa Tsuushou, which were placed under the especially strong control of the Japanese Army. Focusing on Shouwa Tsuushou, we verify that the Japanese Army developed policies for arms export and arms support centring on China and Thailand, while international momentum toward disarmament was heightened. In this verification, we clarify the arms production problems of the Japanese Army. We also note that not only Japan but also Western countries advanced in arms export, including Russia, the United Kingdom, France and the United States, were extremely proactive in arms export despite the emphasis on disarmament. Thus, the arms production problems intended to nurture domestic munitions industries and advance military alliances with partner countries through arms export and import. Arms export and import secured multi-tiered economic, diplomatic and military advantages. Therefore, arms production problems could be described as “peacetime war,” and the proliferation of arms through arms production problems was clearly part of the preparation for World War II.
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  • From Crimean War to Washington Naval Treaty
    NAOKI KOKAZE
    2019 Volume 2019 Issue 2 Pages 127-156
    Published: July 23, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    In the era of rapid technological innovation c. 1850–1930, the British Royal Navy was forced to maintain a surfeit of obsolete warships. To cope with increasing military tension with France, Russia, and Germany, the expansion of armaments was necessary, but under the contemporary slogans, e.g. ‘Retrenchment’ and ‘Efficiency’, obsolete warships were waste to be disposed of in the highest priority. Although an examination of the disposal of obsolete warships is crucial to understanding how the Navy addressed the reconciliation of peacekeeping with retrenchment, previous studies on this topic have been limited to Sir John Fisher’s Reform (1905–). By contrast, this paper clarifies, both in quantitative and qualitative approaches, two underlying issues: (1) to what extent and under which financial system the disposal of obsolete warships contributed to retrenchment in naval finances; and (2) what types of obsolete ships were disposed of intensively, mainly from the Crimean War (1854) to the Washington Naval Treaty (1922). The main findings are that the sale of old ships was a major means for the retrenchment since the 20th century; and that the technological innovations had a more significant impact on relatively new steamers than on obsolete wooden vessels. This paper will give new insights on further studies, including the culture of historic ship preservation, the diplomacy of shipbroking, and the industry of British shipbreaking.
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  • [in Japanese]
    2019 Volume 2019 Issue 2 Pages 157-161
    Published: July 23, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    Download PDF (591K)
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