The Journal of Research Institute for the History of Global Arms Transfer
Online ISSN : 2423-8546
Print ISSN : 2423-8538
ISSN-L : 2423-8538
Volume 2021, Issue 1
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
  • [in Japanese]
    2021 Volume 2021 Issue 1 Pages 1-2
    Published: January 21, 2021
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
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  • HIROFUMI TAKAHASHI
    2021 Volume 2021 Issue 1 Pages 3-24
    Published: January 21, 2021
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    The aim of this thesis is to clarify the main purposes and features of a military project offered by Fray San Martin de la Ascención to conquer Nagasaki, Hirado and Taiwan. He proposed to conquer them with a view to (1) replacing the Jesuits in ruling and leading the Japanese Christians, (2) obtaining profits from trade with Japanese merchants and (3) utilizing Taiwan as a “junction port” between Manila and Japan, Macao and other regions. Jesuit Visitor Alessandro Valigano naturally refuted Ascención’s project directly, making the following claims: (1) Japan belonged to the Demarcación of the Portuguese Crown and people, (2) Spaniards from Manila would ruin the profits from the silk trade between Macao and Japan and (3) if the Spaniards conquered Nagasaki or Taiwan, the Japanese people would grow more and more suspicious that missionaries and Christians would commit the crime of conquering Japan with armed forces. Many problems remain to be solved about the complicated connection between Christianity and military matters. In order to find a solution for the “aporia”, we must study and consider thoroughly the logical structure of the “Holy War” in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
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  • TAKEO HANAWA
    2021 Volume 2021 Issue 1 Pages 25-49
    Published: January 21, 2021
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    This paper describes changes to the structure of the sources and allocation of research and development (R&D) funds in the United States after the 1950’s. It focuses on the influence that the Bayh–Dole Act of 1980 has had on higher education policy and technology transfer. The main sources of R&D funds for higher education institutions are the federal government and the private sector. The biggest source of funding for institutions conducting basic research and science is the federal government. In addition, most institutions have established a Technology Transfer Office (TTO) and receive revenue from the private sector. This paper describes the historical trends in the revenue generated from patents at Columbia University and Stanford University as the case study. The results indicate that academic capitalism and globalization have been rising within the academic community since the introduction of the Act, and that R&D funds have been competitively allocated with market-based. Therefore, structural shifts and changes in policy since the 1980’s have caused the institutions close to private sector and globalized market.
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  • SATOSHI FUJITA
    2021 Volume 2021 Issue 1 Pages 51-80
    Published: January 21, 2021
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    This article focuses on the strategic bombing campaign carried out against Japan by the United States during World War II, and claims that it was vital to produce many aircraft in order to plan and execute the strategic bombing. The bombing against the Japanese homeland brought about tremendous devastation. Whether in military or strategic history, previous studies mainly focus on the theory and practice of the bombing campaign, but largely neglect the fact that the U.S. wartime economy and massive production capabilities during World War II formed the basis of that destruction. This article summarizes the character of U.S. wartime economy, and various mechanisms and policies that made it possible to produce many aircraft, especially the B-29s used for the bombing. By late 1944, a steady supply of B-29 planes was established, and in 1945 that production showed a gradual increase. With this enhanced production, the bombing force available on the Mariana Islands bases was strengthened. This enhanced force could conduct massively destructive bombing attacks, including the Tokyo air raid in March 1945. This article finally suggests that it is very important to examine the political and economic basis for the strategic bombing campaigns, not only during World War II but also in the Cold War era and afterwards. It leads to help explain why and how the strategic bombing continues to be conducted to date.
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  • The Genesis of Joseph Chamberlain’s Tariff Reform Campaign
    TOMOARI MATSUNAGA
    2021 Volume 2021 Issue 1 Pages 81-109
    Published: January 21, 2021
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    In 1897 and 1902, the British Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain, held Colonial Conferences, which were attended by representatives of all self-governing colonies. Chamberlain, an ardent imperialist, used these conferences to reach consensus on his vision of imperial unity. The author of this article analyses the negotiation strategies adopted by Britain, Canada, and Australia at these two conferences, with an emphasis on the 1902 conference. Australia’s Prime Minister Edmund Barton and Defence Secretary John Forrest advocated their plan of ‘one fleet for the Empire’s Naval Defence,’ or imperial Kriegsverein. Although Chamberlain showed considerable interest in imperial Kriegsverein at the 1897 conference, he dismissed it at the 1902 conference. On the other hand, Canada’s Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier advocated imperial preference, or imperial Zollverein, at the 1902 conference. For Britain to introduce imperial Zollverein, it was necessary to impose food tariffs to give favourable treatment to imports from the colonies. Although Chamberlain distrusted Laurier and recognised that food taxes would be unpopular with the British, he ultimately sided with Laurier and supported imperial Zollverein. The following year, Chamberlain launched a tariff reform campaign. This article demonstrates that Laurier’s manoeuvring tactics, not the Australian government’s unskilful negotiations, led to this result.
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  • The Use of German Aviation Technology by the Japanese Army and Navy from 1935–1945
    TAKASHI NISHIO
    2021 Volume 2021 Issue 1 Pages 111-136
    Published: January 21, 2021
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    The purpose of this article is to elucidate the process of technology transfer and licensed production of German air weapons, particularly aircraft engines, by the Japanese army and navy from 1935–1945. While the Japanese had adopted a policy for the indigenisation of military aircraft design and development in 1931, they were still dependent on Germany for aero-technology in the late 1930s. Although the Germans lagged behind both Britain and the United States in the design and production of powerful aircraft engines, the Japanese army and navy, which tended to overestimate the quality of German military technology, bought the license for the Daimler-Benz DB 601 liquid cooled aero-engine in 1939. In Japan, some 5,000 DB 601 engines were produced by Aichi Co. and Kawasaki Co. under the license during the Pacific War. However, these engines had many mechanical defects due to the relatively poor technical standards and low level of quality control in the wartime Japanese aircraft industry. As a result, engine trouble was one of the causes of substantial non-combat aircraft losses in deployment and the low serviceability rate of Japanese air power from 1943–1945.
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  • [in Japanese]
    2021 Volume 2021 Issue 1 Pages 137-140
    Published: January 21, 2021
    Released on J-STAGE: January 21, 2025
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
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