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Volume 42, Issue 2
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
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Yuzuru KUSAKA, Haruo TSUJI, Yuzô FUJIMOTO, Keiko ISHIDA, Yô ...1981 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 65-71
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe groundwater collected from 17 wells of Mikage, Uozaki and Nishinomiya districts in the southern alluvial plain and from 39 wells of Arino, Yokawa and Ohgo districts in the northwestern Neogene hillside are under our investigation. Based on the analytical results of many dissolved components, the origin of the components and the correlation between the water quality and the geological features are considered. In the alluvial area, it is indicated that, in the major components such as Ca, Mg, Na, HCO3, Cl, SO4 and SiO2, the ratios of the concentrations are almost constant in each district, whereas in the minor components, the contents of PO4, BO3 and V are relatively high in the Nishinomiya district. In the Neogene area, it is shown that the concentrations of the major components are widely varied in each well, and the content of Na is relatively high. Based on these chemical considerations and on the correlation coefficients between the concentrations of the species, it is geochemically concluded that the controlling chemical actions to dissolve the major components are CO2 weathering for the granitiform soil in the alluvial area, while the cation exchange reactions by the clay minerals are dominant in the Neogene area.View full abstractDownload PDF (1164K) -
Yoshio SHIGARAKI, Ryoshi ISHIWATARI1981 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 72-81
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSn-Alkanoic acids (C12-C36), n-alkanols (C12-C36) and n-alkanes (C15-C37) were determined for thirteen samples of lake (Lake Haruna), river (Tama River, Houston Ship Channel) and marine (Tokyo Bay, Galveston Bay, Gulf of Mexico) sediments, soils and activated sludges.
In order to estimate the origins of these compounds in the environmental samples, the distribution patterns of the compounds were compared with those for the presumed source organisms. First, the data for these compounds in organisms (algae, bacteria, zooplankton, fishes, insects, fungi and higher plants) which appear in the literature, were divided into three types in terms of their distribution pattern, that is, the L/H ratio, which is the relative ratio of lower molecular weight compounds (Σ (≤C20)) to higher molecular weight compounds (Σ (≥C20)) (A : 2≤L/H; AB : 2>L/H>1/2; B : 1/2≥L/H). Then the organisms were classified into eight groups by the combination of the L/H ratio types for n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanols and n-alkanes (I : A (for n-alkanoic acids), A (for n-alkanols), A (for n-alkanes); II : A, A, AB; III : A, A, B; IV : A, AB, B; V : A, B, B; VI : AB, B, B; VII : B, B, B; 0 : others). The L/H ratios of these compounds in the organisms mostly follow the order : n-alkanoic acids>n-alkanols>n-alkanes.
Comparison indicated that such compounds in the lake and marine sediments and soils are mostly of terrestrial (higher plants) origin, whereas the compounds in the Tama River sediments are considered to originate from algae and/or bacteria. The compounds in the sample from the Houston Ship Channel are strongly influenced by petroleum pollution.View full abstractDownload PDF (1493K) -
Keizo HIRAYAMA, Junzo SUZUKI, Shizuo SUZUKI1981 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 82-88
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe measured the DNA attacking ability and the mutagenic activity of water extracts from the sediments of the Tama River and the Ayase River, two rivers flowing through heavily urban areas in Japan. The rec-assay employing recombinationless mutant of Bacillus subtilis detected DNA attacking ability in water extracts from sediments of the Tama midstream and downstream and of the Ayase midstream. The reversion assay employing the strain TA 98 of Salmonella typhimurium revealed mutagenic activity in water extracts from sediments of both the Tama and the Ayase from midstream to downstream; mutagenic activity was not detectable in the upstream sediments. Since the mutagenic activity in the majority of sampling stations grows remarkably when the metabolic action system of the rat liver is caused to work on the water extract samples, the presence of a precursor can be inferred which indicates the mutagenicity upon the work of the enzymes of the liver metabolism.
By means of an assay for pH fractionation of water extracts from river sediments containing mutagens, the presence of various types of DNA attacking substances ranging from acidic compounds to neutral ones and amphoteric ones was confirmed. In addition, it was found, in terms of the gel filtration chromatography of the water extracts, that the DNA attacking chemicals are of different types in the Tama and the Ayase Rivers.View full abstractDownload PDF (1025K) -
Yoshimi SUZUKI, Yukio SUGIMURA, Yasuo MIYAKE1981 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 89-91
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe selenium content and its chemical form were studied in water collected from nine main rivers in Japan. It was confirmed that there are two different chemical forms of selenium in river water, i.e., the tetra- and hexa-valent inorganic ions, but no organic form is found. The total selenium content of river water ranged from 33 to 94 ng l-1 with a weighted average of 57 ng l-1. The fraction of selenium contained in suspended matters was below 10% of the total.View full abstractDownload PDF (457K) -
Tadashi ARAI1981 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 92-99
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAttenuation of incident solar radiation in Lake water without spectral separation was measured and analysed. Measurements were made by an underwater solarimeter specially designed for this study. Relative intensity of irradiance in the water was analysed in terms of Secchi disk transparency, and it was found that irradiance in lake water could be expressed by non-dimensional depth related to the transparency. The magnitudes of dimensional and non-dimensional extinction coefficients were also investigated, and the findings showed that the non-dimensional extinction coefficient in the deep part is about 1.5 per unit Z* for both whole wave-length range and 550 nm range of the solar radiation. It is assumed that the transparency reflects the overall factors which control the attenuation of solar radiation in the lake water.View full abstractDownload PDF (1093K) -
Eisuke KIKUCHI, Yasushi KURIHARA1981 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 100-107
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study reports a series of measurements of chlorinity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and oxygen in the Gamô estuary, a salt wedge estuary.
NH4+ and PO43- concentrations of saline water in the salt wedge generally increased with the distance upstream, whereas dissolved oxygen concentration decreased with it. In addition, the development of anoxic condition and the accumulation of NH4+ and PO43- were observed in the bottom saline water inside a series of basins. The strong local difference in the chemical properties was found in the deep water of basins separated by a shallow sill at the high river discharge. The results suggest that the increase of NH4+ and PO43- concentration and the decrease of dissolved oxygen in the saline wedge are explained by detention time in the estuary and also indicate that the highly saline waters are generally trapped and isolated in the deeper parts of the basins by shallow sills. The phytoplankton bloom dominated by diatoms (Cyclotella) in the surface river water and the high density of ciliates (Mesodinium) immediately below the halocline were observed at the low river discharge.View full abstractDownload PDF (990K) -
Kikuya MASHIKO1981 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 108-116
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSREDEKE (1933) defines brackish water as a mixture of sea water s.str. and fresh water, and some authors distinguish estuaries from brackish water. From the biological point of view, however, all waters of moderate salinity can be regarded as brackish, as REMANE (1958) points out. The terms, poikilohaline and homoiohaline, could be used to divide brackish waters into two types, in a sense somewhat modified from that of DAHL (1956). Thus, brackish waters of unstable and variable salinity, temporally but not spatially, are referred to as poikilohaline while those of temporally stable salinity are termed homoiohaline. In poikilohaline brackish waters, the productivity does not always appear to coincide with increase of nutrients, because the unstability of salinity may result in limiting the immigration of both the marine and the freshwater euryhaline forms. It is generally believed that life began in the sea and then migrated landwards. Most of the migration may have begun by entering brackish waters. There, homoiosmosity may first have been required of immigrating organisms. The biological significance of brackish waters may be here, and this is also the principal motive of the present review.View full abstractDownload PDF (1806K)
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