臨床血液
Online ISSN : 1882-0824
Print ISSN : 0485-1439
ISSN-L : 0485-1439
26 巻, 11 号
選択された号の論文の27件中1~27を表示しています
綜説
  • —好酸球性白血病の位置づけ—
    宮地 勇人, 外山 圭助
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1729-1740
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    The hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) represents a group of disorders with the common features of prolonged eosinophilia of an undetectable causes and organ system dysfunction. The clinical and laboratory findings of HES in 26 patients reported in Japanese literature were reviewed. We can subdivide them into at least two groups. The first is a group of patients who have non-specific elevation of various serologic titers to suggest an immunological response. The second group have morphological abnormalities of the eosinophiles associated with immature forms, biochemical evidences, ie., B12, neutrophil alkaline phosphatase, and cytogenetics, to suggest that they truely have a myeloproliferative disorder. Numerous evidences that support the existence of hematologic malignancies affecting eosinophilic series in HES have been provided. These may be best called eosinophilic leukemia. We describe a case with HES which does not fall into both subgroups mentioned above and show the heterogeneity of HES.
臨床研究
  • 椿 和央
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1741-1753
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Anthracycline's [ATC]: (ADM, DNR, ACM) and Antimetabolite's [AMB]: (6MP, Ara-C, BH-AC) were comparatively studied on cell kinetics. Their effect (cycle specificity, cycle progression and phase specificity) were examined to elucidate their mechanisms of action.
    1) Cycle specificity: All drugs of ATC and AMB inhibited cell proliferation more effectively in the log phase than in the plateau phase; their efficacy was found to be in the order of ADM>DNR≥ACM and Ara-C>BH-AC≥6MP.
    2) Cycle progression: ATC caused action of block in G2 phase at their low concentration and this action being relieved subsequently. At middle concentration, G2 block action was continued and this effect was related to cytotoxicity because of irreversible action. At high concentration, cell cycle progression was stopped.
    AMB showed accumulation in the entire S phase at low concentration. As concentration increased, a tendency to accumulate in Gl-early S phase was observed. After that, slight progression to S phase was noted. At high concentration of Ara-C, accumulation of Gl and transition Gl-S phase occured, but no progression to S phase was observed.
    3) Phase specificity: All drugs of ATC, the drug sensitivity was relatively high in S phase, decreasing in M and Gl phase in that order, but ACM was equally showed the drug sensitivity in Gl and M phase. ADM showed the largest difference in sensitivity between S phase and other phases.
    AMB showed specific sensitivity in S phase at low concentration. At high concentration of Ara-C, relatively high sensitivity was observed in S phase, while sensitivity was also noted in cells of other phases.
  • 樋口 光宏, 国富 修, 西田 恭治, 衛藤 寿仁, 中島 督夫, 金丸 昭久, 垣下 栄三, 永井 清保, 池澤 且子
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1754-1762
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Study on the effect of MD-805, a synthetic thrombin inhibitor, was made for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) developed in patients with leukemia or its related disorders.
    MD-805 was administered by continuous infusion in 12 cases; 4 with acute leukemia M2 by FAB classification, 4 with M3, 2 with L2, one with myelofibrosis and one with myelodysplastic syndrome. Two patients with L2 had two chances to be administered this drug respectively. Diagnosis of DIC and the efficacy of MD-805 were judged by the data of coagulation parameters: fibrin degradation products, fibrinogen, antithrombin III, plasminogen and α2 plasmin inhibitor. Dose of MD-805 was suposed to be optimum by when the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was prolonged up to 50 sec (control 25 sec). Plasma concentration of MD-805 was monitored by measurement of antithrombin activity.
    Dosage of MD-805 necessary to control APTT was between 0.35 to 1.85 μg/kg/min. Present study revealed that 64.3% of the examimed cares were effective in the tneatment of MD-805.
    Based on the results, MD-805 appeared to be a beneficial and safe drug for treatment of DIC.
  • 森崎 隆幸, 熊川 寿郎, 幸道 秀樹, 藤井 寿一, 浅野 茂隆, 佐藤 ヨシ子, 本間 淑子, 多田 昭子, 森 茂郎, 三輪 史朗
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1763-1767
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Plasma fibrinogen levels, prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time after chemotherapy were studied in patients with hematological malignancy. In the patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), plasma fibrinogen levels decreased after chemotherapy in both activity (thrombin method) and antigenicity (SRID method). The decrease was more severe in patients treated with L-asparaginase (mean 290mg/dl→64mg/dl. p<0.001) than those without L-asparaginase (mean 228mg/dl→118mg/dl, p<0.001). On the other hand, these changes were not observed in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or malignant lymphoma (ML). The cases of ALL treated with L-asparaginase revealed hypoalbuminemia as well. Though it was suspected that L-asparaginase might inhibit protein synthesis, it was not clear how hypofibrinogenemia appeared after chemotherapy without L-asparaginase in ALL. Further studies are needed and it is important to check coagulation systems carefully during the treatment of ALL.
  • 森崎 隆幸, 藤井 寿一, 三輪 史朗
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1768-1773
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was measured in plasma and mononuclear cells from 36 patients with various types of leukemia. High levels of ADA activities were found in plasma and mononuclear cells from patients with acute leukemia, especially acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. In patients with chronic leukemia, ADA activities of mononuclear cells were high in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and low in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Serial determination of plasma ADA activities was done in 21 patients with acute leukemia. All of patients untreated or in relapse had an elevation of plasma ADA activity and patients in remission showed low levels of plasma ADA activity. At the time immediately after chemotherapy of acute leukemia, plasma ADA activities were lower in the patients who obtained remission than those who failed to do so. These results suggest that increased plasma ADA activity in leukemic patients reflects tumor burden of leukemia in bone marrow.
  • 森山 美昭, 柴田 昭, 前川 勲, 吉田 豊, 三浦 亮, 涌井 昭, 刈米 重夫, 前川 正, 三浦 恭定, 阿部 帥, 古沢 新平, ...
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1774-1784
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Phase II studies utilizing VP-16 in the treatment of 58 patients with malignant lymphoma and 48 patients with acute leukemia were carried out. Most of the patients entered had received prior chemotherapy. The initial dose of VP-16 administered was 60∼100 mg/m2 by iv infusion on days 1∼5 every 3 weeks.
    In malignant lymphoma, objective responses were seen in two of 6 (33.3%) patients with Hodgkin's disease (two PR) and in 19 of 40 (47.5%) patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (seven CR, twelve PR). By tumor type, in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma the best responses were obtained in diffuse mixed and large cell types (LSG classification).
    In acute leukemia, no responses were noted in 4 patients with ALL, while an overall response rate of 37.9% was achieved (6.9% CR, 31.0% PR) in AML. The best responses were obtained in monocytic type including M4 and M5 according to FAB diagnosis. On the other hand, cytoreduction by VP-16 infusion was seen in all of the FAB subtypes.
    The dose limiting toxicity was hematological. Alopecia and gastrointestinal toxicity were highly frequent side effects, but which were well tolerated. It is concluded that VP-16 administered iv has significant activity particularly in diffuse mixed and large cell types of malignant lymphoma and in monocytic type of AML. Its use in drug combinations should now be assessed.
症例
  • 松永 和彦, 森下 浩, 三浦 彰, 井田 達也, 杉山 裕之, 八木田 正人, 高橋 隆幸, 井村 裕夫, 大西 秀一, 南風原 英之, ...
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1785-1791
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    A 43-year-old male born in kagoshima prefecture was admitted to Kyoto University Hospital because of general malaise and cough in June, 1982. Hematological examinaton revealed leucocytosis (26,700/ul) with abnormal lymphoid cells (26.5%), which were compatible with ATL cells in morphological charcteristics. Serum ATLA test gave a titer of 1:20. The ATL cells had an E+ OKT3-4+8- surface phenotype and possessed potent suppressor activity on PWM-induced normal B-cell differentiation. These immunological chracteristics showed some alteration on other occasions during the course. Serum immunoglobulin concentration was markedly reduced since initial visit and fluctuated with an inverse correlation with the number of circulating ATL cells. Cytogenetic studies of the ATL cells revealed 46, XY, t (9; 14), (p12; q13), 6q- with other many additional abnormalities.
    The patient was treated with combined chemotherapy regimen including cyclophosphamide, vincristin, adriamycin and prednisolone intermittently, with partial reduction of ATL cells. During the course, pulmonary involvement devoloped and almost paralleled the number of circulating ATL cells. In contrast, marked intestinal involvement was found by endoscopical examination when the circulating ATL cell count was quite low and pulmonary involvement was improved without any specific treatment, and disseminated intravascular coagulating was associated causing massive intestinal bleeding. Finally, meningeal involvement was noticed and the patient died of disseminated herpes zoster in March, 1984.
    These clinical and laboratory findings suggest that the ATL cells of this patient consisted of a few subclones which are heterogenous in organ affinity, surface phenotype and functional activity.
  • 松田 昌文, 井上 昌光, 田尻 三昭, 松本 昇, 兼子 俊男
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1792-1796
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    The therapeutic effects of cinepazide (Brendil®) to the patients with cerebrovascular disorders are well established, but to the best of our knowledge, its adverse effects on the hemopoietic cells are not reported.
    We report two cases of aranulocytosis during the medication of cinepazide.
    The first case, a 47 year-old woman was admtted to the Shuto Hospital for the purpose of the rehabilitation after her pontine bleeding. Her rehabilitation was started with the administration of cinepazide, thioridazine and diazepam. On the 50th hospital day, sudden fever developed and the white cell count was 800 with 0% neutrophils. Four days later she died in spite of the antibiotics theray.
    The second case, a 72 year-old woman was admitted to the Shuto hospital because of the left sided paralysis and dysarthria. The CT-scan of the brain revealed the cerebral bleeding in her right putamen. She recovered well after several days' conservative therapy. She started the rehabilitation training, 20 days after her admission. Cinepazide, dihydroergotoxine and vitamins were precribed. After the administration of these drugs for 75 days, fever developed and the white blood cell count was 1,400 with 1% neutrophils. The bone marrow examination revealed a marked reduction of myeloid series. All medications were discontinued. With intensive therapy using antibiotics and granulocyte transfusion, her bone marrow recovered six days later. After the complete recovery of her hematopoietic activity, we examine the effects of cinepazide on her marrow CFU-C. The results suggested the intoxicative effects of cinepazide to the granulocytic progenitors.
  • 松本 満, 久保 克仁, 河村 伸一, 池田 匡一, 小山 孝, 藤田 繁, 小林 讓, 安藤 慎太郎
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1797-1804
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    A 15-year-old male was admitted to the Ehime University Hospital in April 1983 because of pancytopenia. Bone marrow findings revealed hypocellularity with 28.8% immature atypical cells. A transient recovery from pancytopenia after prednisolone administration for 2 months was followed by a reappearance of pancytopenia after 1.5 months. But 8 months after the onset, he was discharged with a rapid normalization of the blood and marrow findings. After about 4 months of hematologic remission, leukocyte and platelet counts decreased gradually and he was readmitted in May 1984. Bone marrow findings revealed hypocellularity again and cytophagocytosis by histiocytes was found with 23.0% immature atypical cells. In his chromosomal analysis, abnormal karyotypes of 46, XY, t (1q-; 17p+) were found. With no response to administration of 46, XY, t (1q-: 17p+) prednisolone, hepatomegaly accompanied with elevation of GOT, GPT and LDH, was noted and he died of intracerebral hemorrhage due to thrombocytopenia in June of the same year.
    Owing to the finding of chromosomal abnormality, this case was considered to be neoplastic disease. Because of bone marrow findings and clinical manifestation, a diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis was strongly possible and immature atypical cells were thought to be immature histiocytes.
  • 藤田 克寿, 小西 清三郎, 藤原 史博, 中島 文明, 今宿 晋作, 松原 広樹
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1805-1809
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    A fiteen-year-old boy was found to have acute lymphoblastic leukemia with CNS involvement in August, 1982. Laboratory findings on admiss on were; WBC 7,800/μl (blasts 47%), Hb 6.4 g/dl, platelets 5,000/μl, CSF 11/3 (92% of the cells were identified as leukemic by cytology). The patient was treated with intrathecal methotrexate and systemic therapy consisting of adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone. Complete remission was obtained one month later. Six months after entering remission the patient complained of the right visual disturbance. CNS relaps with the right ocular infiltration was disclosed. Hematological remission maintained. The patient was treated with intrathecal methotrexate associated with systemic therapy and a remission was obtained. Two months later, the right ocular involvement was found to recur without CNS relapse. 60Co irradiation (1,750 rad) was induced to the right eye and the infiltration disppeared. In January, 1983 the right ocular infiltration recurred, and responded to 60Co therapy (1,750 rad) in May. However, the infiltration was noticed to remain in the right eye in August, 1983.
    Effective modalities must be established to cope with the recurrent ocular infiltration resistant to chemo-radio therapy in a patient with long-term hematological remission.
  • 有吉 宣明, 宇原 弓美, 朝倉 昭雄, 中村 外士雄, 金 平榮, 白幡 聡
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1810-1814
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    A 1-year-11-months old girl was admitted to the Hospital of University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, complaining of severe anemia and bleeding from wound bleeding on her forehead. In examination of peripheral blood, the red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts and platelet counts were 200×104l, 15,700/μl, and 37.9×104l, respectively. Coagulation studies revealed markedly low factor VIII coagulant activity (less than 1%), normal pattern of multimeric pattern and normal levels of vWF: Ag and RCoF. All these findings are compatible with the diagnosis of hemophilia A. A chromosomal analysis from her peripheral blood indicated that she was mosaic type of Turner syndrome, comprised of 45X and 46Xr, although she had no characteristic physical feature compatible with this syndrome. Four uncles on the mother's side had bleeding tendencies. In coagulation study of family, her mother and grandmother were carriers of hemophilia A.
  • —A Report of Three Cases—
    栗山 一孝, 朝長 万左男, 野中 博章, 陣内 逸郎, 松尾 辰樹, 吉田 善春, 雨森 龍彦, 草野 みゆき, 田川 真須子, 市丸 道 ...
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1815-1823
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Recently, reports of acute mixed leukemia or hybrid acute leukemia, consisted of two subtypes being biphenotypic or biclonal, have been gradually increased.
    We documented three patients with acute mixed leukemia. Case 1, a 25-year-old man, was morphologically diagnosed as ALL (L1) and treated by anti-leukemic combination chemotherapy and he reached a complete remission. About six months later, his leukemic blasts regrew and were composed of mixture of small lymphoblasts expressing TdT+ and peroxidase-positive large myeloblasts. In Case 2, a 85-year-old man, leukemic cells were biclonal compositions which were consisted of small lymphoblasts (TdT+/CALLA-) and monocytes partially positive for alphanaphthyl butylate esterase. In Case 3, a 36-year-old-man, his leukemic cells appeared to be consisted of small lymphoid blasts expressing TdT+/CALLA+ and large myeloid blasts, TdT+/CALLA-, and monocytes. These myeloid blasts having TdT+ might be explained to be biphenotypic, although leukemic blasts in acute myeloid leukemia sometimes were expressed TdT+.
    These mixed leukemias were considered to occur at the level of uncommitted stem cells or the results of a genetic aberration.
  • 川井 進, 榊原 吉峰, 佐々木 邦明, 藤本 孟男, 金子 安比古
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1824-1828
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    A 9-month-old girl with pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B-cell ALL) was referred with severe anemia (Hb: 7.0g/dl), marked leukocytosis (white blood cell count: 16×104l) and hepatosplenomegaly. Lymphoblasts from this case were morphologically subtyped as L1 (French-American-British classification) and lacked surface immunoglobulin, but contained intracytoplasmic IgM heavy chain. These cells also expressed Ia-like antigen, B4 and common-ALL antigen (J5). The karyotype was 46XX, (1; 19) (q21; p13).
    First complete remission was easily induced with prednisolone (60mg/M2, daily), vindesin (3mg/M2, weekly) and cyclophosphamide (1,200mg/M2, once). In spite of this intensive chemotherapy, a relapse in central nervous system and bone marrow was observed within one year. Pre-B-cell ALL patient with t (1; 19) (q21; p13) may have an especially poor prognosis.
  • 末吉 章浩, 浦瀬 文明, 芦田 隆司, 佐藤 充重, 椿 和央, 岩永 隆行, 堀内 篤
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1829-1834
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    A 17-year-old female was diagnosed as severe aplastic anemia on November 1980. Although she received the therapy of corticosteroid or anabolic steroid hormone (testosterone, oxymetholone) with multiple transfusions of red blood cells and platelets from unrelated donors, her hematological conditions did not improve at all. She was prepared for bone marrow transplantation. After immunosuppressive conditioning with antilymphocyte globulin, cyclophosphamide and total lymphoid irradiation, she received 3.5×108/kg marrow nucleated cells from her HLA-identical sibling (28-year-old male) and viable donor buffy coat cells in addition to the marrow inoculum on March 1984. She was assigned to the room with laminar airflow and treated with oral nonabsorbable antibioics. Cyclosporin A was given to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Engraftment of the marrow was defined by a peripheral white blood cell count greater than 1,000/μl on day 18 and the sex chromosome of the bone marrow cell on day 21. She had no acute GVHD or interstitial pneumonia after grafting.
    She is surviving more than 1 year after bone marrow transplantation with almost normal hemopoiesis without complications.
  • 宮脇 修一, 根本 和雄, 須賀 秀晃, 八代 邦彦, 村松 慎一, 杉田 裕, 小峰 光博, 前川 正, 山田 充宏, 竹内 秀夫
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1835-1839
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    Multiple liver abscesses in four cases of acute leukemia, one lymphoid and 3 myeloid, were described.
    Marked pyrexia and tender hepatomegaly developed in all cases following the termination of induction chemotherapy, but these symptoms did not resolve despite subsequent attainment of hematologic remission. CT scans revealed the presence of multiple disseminated low density areas of varying size within the hepatic parenchyma. Hypoechoic lesions were also demonstrated by ultrasonography and “target appearance” was noted in two. Similar lesions were detected in the spleen of 2 patients and in the kidney in another. Neutrophilic leukocytosis persisted in 3 patients and ESR was markedly accelerated. Serum transaminase activity was elevated only to a modest degree in all cases, while bilirubin concentration remained normal. Repeated blood cultures were negative in all cases. The biopsy material obtained either by percutaneous liver aspiration or surgical excision failed to help identify the pathogenic agents in two cases so examined.
    Judging from the therapeutic response, the causative agents were presumed to be mycotic in 2 cases who showed “target appearance” on ultrasonography.
  • 後藤 達彦, 栗田 宗次, 太田 和雄, 小池 考一, 土田 龍三, 伊藤 朝子
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1840-1844
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    An 18 years-old man with Ph1-negative CML treated with busulfan for one year in good control was admitted to the Aichi Cancer Center Hospital on March 12, 1984 because of moderate fever, splenomegaly and marked leukocytosis suggesting blastic crisis.
    On admission, RBC was 511×104/cmm, Hb 15.0g/dl and Ht 47.0%. WBC was 95,200/cmm with 75% blastic cells. Platelet was 10.4×104/cmm. Nucleated cell count in bone marrow was 669,000/cmm with 72.5% blastic cells.
    The cytochemical and immunological study of blastic cells showed peroxidase (-), α-NB estrase (-), PAS (-), TdT (+), E-rosette (+), OKT3 (-), 4 (-), 6 (-), 8 (-), Tp120 (-), but Tp 40 which reacted with most T cells, thymocytes and activated T cells was strongly positive. The blastic cells did not reacted with B cell (B1, Ia, CALLA, SIg) or myelomonocyte (HL-1, 5, 21) related monoclonal antibodies. These data suggested that this crisis was lymphoblastic and of pre-T cell phenotype.
    Combined chemotherapy with adriamycin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and prednisolone was only temporarily effective, and the patient died of pneumonia on June 14, 1984.
  • 押味 和夫, 高橋 正知, 溝口 秀昭, 山本 きよみ, 宮地 隆興
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1845-1848
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    A 37-year-old man came to our clinic because of general malaise. On physical examination, the patient was slightly anemic and icteric. The liver and spleen were palpable 1 and 2 fb, respectively, below the costal margin. WBC count was 3,200/μl with a left shift, Hb 10.1 g/dl with MCV 55.4 fl and MCHC 29.8%, reticulocytes 46% and platelet count 40,000/μl. LDH and indirect bilirubin were increased. Bone marrow aspiration revealed erythroid hyperplasia and 7.2% blasts. The blasts were negative for peroxidase and TdT. Chromosome analysis disclosed Y missing. By Hb electrophoresis using starch gel, there was an abnormal band of fast mobility, indicating the presence of HbH. Golf ball-like inclusion bodies were noticed in 36% of RBC by brilliant cresyl blue staining. Hb synthesis by 3H-leucine incorporation revealed reduced α-chain synthesis with α/β ratio of 0.16. Gene analysis showed the presence of normal α-chain DNAs. Family study did not show any abnormalities including anemia, hemolysis, α globin synthesis and DNAs of α-chain genes.
    Taken together, the patient was considered to have acquired HbH disease.
  • 野崎 宏幸, 清水 正樹, 野口 憲一, 渡辺 克仁, 長尾 忠美, 有森 茂
    1985 年 26 巻 11 号 p. 1849-1853
    発行日: 1985年
    公開日: 2009/02/02
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    A severely ill 43-year-old male with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was initially treated with corticosteroids and antiplatelet agents, however there was no improvement after three days. Plasma exchanges were performed with the IBM 2997 Blood Cell Separator, and his mental status improved in 2 days. Complete clinical and laboratory improvement was obtained after 14 additional plasma exchanges. A regimen of corticosteroids and antiplatelet agents was continued, but the patient again became thrombocytopenic and febrile 20 days later. Fresh frozen plasma infusions for three days and two plasma exchanges were unsuccessful, and splenecomy was performed on the 49th hospital days. The patient obtained a complete recovery 15 days after splenectomy with additional four plasma exchanges. The patient has remained in remission for three and a half years after splenectomy. This case suggests that splenectomy after plasma exchange is effective in some patients with TTP.
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