Journal of the Society of Agricultural Structures, Japan
Online ISSN : 2186-0122
Print ISSN : 0388-8517
ISSN-L : 0388-8517
Volume 30, Issue 1
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
  • Keitaro SUZUKI, Takaaki MAEKAWA
    1999 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 1-10
    Published: June 25, 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Germinated brown rice (GBR) has been developed to improve the additional value of brown rice as a novel food material. In order to keep the good appearance and food functions of the GBR, physical environments for controlling the root emergence were examined.
    From the results of the germination tests, the physical environments, such as temperature and liquid or gas phase, greatly affected to development of form for brown rice during the initial germination period. Compared with liquid phase, rooting and subsequent growth of brown rice under gas (air) phase were the fastest. Under static liquid phase, inhibition of root emergence was observed. However, delay of sprouting and lots of irregular form of brown rice was observed. On the other hand, inhibition of root emergence, and rapid and healthy sprouting were observed under fluidized liquid phase. Under liquid phase, the settled density of brown rice affected to the growth rate. The larger density caused delay of the rate, while the smaller density root emergence.
    As the proper treatment and environmental conditions for nonradicle germination, (1) soaking under liquid phase, (2) fluidization of liquid phase, (3) treatment temperature of 30°C were obtained. Specially, to control dissolved oxygen concentration of the liquid phase with shaking between 3.5mg/l and 4.5mg/l was effective for sprouting control. Moreover, the sprouting rate was predicted total dissolved oxygen concentration in the liquid phase.
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  • Wenqi LI, Zhenya ZHANG, Takaaki MAEKAWA
    1999 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 11-20
    Published: June 25, 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Ammonia, a major nitrogen source for methanogens, has toxic if it present in excess. Response of the reactor packed rock wool to ammonia in the methanogenesis with impulsive and continuous additions of ammonia in different HRT and acetic loading rate using chemostats was investigated. With impulsive addition, the reactors tolerated 20, 20, 12g-N/L of nitrogen concentration of ammonia at one day of HRT and 1.5, 4, 7g/L·day of acetic loading rate, while 20, 15, 8g-N/L of nitrogen concentration of ammonia could be tolerated at 5-day HRT. With continuous addition, at a 1-day HRT and acetic loading rate 1.5g/L·day, up to 16.5g-N/L of nitrogen concentration of ammonia added was tolerated, whereas at a acetic loading rate 4 and 7g/L·day 15 and 12g-N/L of nitrogen concentration of ammonia could be tolerated.
    The change of concentration of methanogens in the effluent as changing the concentration of ammonia was determined. The recovery of methanogens inhibited by ammonia was investigated. The activity of acetoclastic methanogens which inhibited at 25 and 15g-N/L of ammonia was restored entirely after the ammonia was washed out within two weeks.
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  • Takaaki SATAKE, Ahmad A. ADDO, Takaaki MAEKAWA, James A. BARTSCH
    1999 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 21-29
    Published: June 25, 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A preliminary study was carried out to estimate the changes in inner quality indexes, such as total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and aroma of apple in modified atmosphere packaging using a 3 layered backpropagation neural network model.
    Fuji and Ohm apples were packed into polyethylene bags and stored at 3°C, 10°C and ordinary room temperature for 4-22 weeks. Eleven characteristic values of apple stored under the condition of modified atmosphere packaging, such as TSS, TA, skin color, stiffness, mass volume, CO2, O2 and aroma concentrations in the bag, etc. were measured by destructive and non-destructive methods at 14 day intervals during storage. The concentrations of CO2 and O2 in the bag, hunter lightness as well as hue angle values of external skin color and weight loss were measured by non-destructive methods, and these values were selected as input data of neural network for inner quality estimation. On the other hand, the measured values of TSS, TA and aroma concentrations were fed into the model as a target input.
    As a result of simulations for TSS, TA and aroma estimations of stored apples, the averaged values of TSS, TA and aroma concentrations which were outputs of the model were nearly equal to those of averaged measured values by the destructive methods. Therefore, it was recognized that the neural network model was one of the effective supporting technologies for non-destructive estimation of inner quality of stored apples.
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  • The design method of a simple pile foundation for plastic greenhouses
    Hiromichi TOYODA, Hideki MORIYAMA, Tomoyuki SENO, Takaaki MAEKAWA
    1999 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 31-39
    Published: June 25, 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A simple pile foundation to prevent wind damage was discussed in our first report. The present report proposes the design method of the simple pile foundation.
    The strength parameters of the cohesive soil were presumed from the results of a Swedish weight sounding test, which is a simple investigative method. An analysis method of the beam on semi-infinite and ideal elastic mediums was proposed for the estimation of the lateral bearing capacity of the pile. The pulling resistance of a pile was estimated based on the relation between side friction and N value of the soil. When the pulling resistance power was not satisfied, we proposed a method of setting up the well crib. It was set in the ground at a depth of about 0.5m.
    Moreover, the design case of the pile foundation is described for the general two continuous greenhouses.
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  • Actual size experiments on roof and wall
    Hideo OGAWA, Ichiei TSUGE
    1999 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 41-52
    Published: June 25, 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    About the glass greenhouse which became a big area, we did the actual size experiment on roof and wall that assumed the displasement of situation in earthquake wave transmitted to longitudinal direction. As for experiments result, the deformation in that case where the damage appeared to glass was more than the deformation of earthquake response analysis results and there was no problem with current glass miter joint method.
    And we did the experiment that reproduced the snow load and negative pressure by high wind to work on roof side. By this experiment result, we grasped being different in strength by the load worked direction and the cause that strength was decided. And we examined correspondence with provided strength and load of each place determined by greenhouse structure standard.
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  • Effects of Plant Density and Number of Leaf above the Truss on Plant Growth and Fruit Yield
    Shoji KOBAYASHI
    1999 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 53-60
    Published: June 25, 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Effects of the plant density and the number of leaf above the truss on plant growth and fruit yield of single-truss tomato plants grown in the greenhouse by hydroponics were studied. At the range of plant density from 300 to 3, 000 plants/a, yield per unit area increased with increasing plant density. Fruits weight per plant increased at plant density below 1, 500 plants/a. In ‘Multi-First’, the number of fruits and fruit weight per plant more increased with decreasing plant density than those in ‘Momotaro’. As plant density increased, the mean weight per fruit decreased, puffy fruits increased and the percentage of marketable fruit decreased in both varieties. If the target is to harvest fruit of average weight from 150 to 200g, this target might be attained at plant density from 700 to 1, 200 plants/a in ‘Momotaro’, from 1, 000 to 1, 700 plants/a in ‘Multi-First’. For the reason described above and in consideration of the cost of seedlings and the working efficiency, the optimum plant density should be 1, 200 plants/a for the cropping type of winter sowing/spring harvesting in ‘Momotaro’, 1, 000 plants/a for the other cropping type in ‘Momotaro’ and in ‘Multi-First’. For the cropping type of autumn sowing/winter harvesting and spring sowing/summer harvesting, the yield was more than 700kg/a in ‘Momotaro’, 1, 000kg/a in ‘Multi-First’ at the plant density 1, 000 plants/a. For the cropping type of winter sowing/spring harvesting and summer sowing-autumn harvesting, the yield was less than those of the former cropping type. In ‘Momotaro’, for the cropping type of summer sowing that tomato tend to grow over or low solar radiation season, puffy fruit increased. To decrease puffy fruits, the number of leaf above the truss should be 1. For the other cropping type in ‘Momotaro’ and in ‘Multi-First’, as the percentage of marketable fruit was high, the number of leaf above the truss should be 3.
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  • The design method of the pile foundation in case of saturated soil
    Hiromichi TOYODA, Hideki MORIYAMA, Tomoyuki SENO, Takaaki MAEKAWA
    1999 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 61-67
    Published: June 25, 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The design method of the simple pile foundation was discussed in our former report. The present report proposes consideration of the pile foundation design in the case of turning to the saturated soil around the foundation during heavy rain.
    We predicted the time when soil saturation has occurred, from the viewpoint of soil physics. And, the decrease of the bearing capacity of the ground was considered for the pile foundation design.
    The actual sized tests were carried out. The pulling resistance and the lateral resistance of the thin piles in the saturated soil were measured.
    From these results, the ultimate lateral load and pulling load of the piles decrease about 30% compared with these loads in unsaturated soil. And, it is necessary to increase the design strength of the pile foundation in greenhouses with on-going saturated soil conditions.
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  • 1999 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 68
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Mass transfer coefficients of ammonia on swine manure
    Naoki FUKUJYUU, Hirofumi KAWANISHI, Hirosi MORISIMA, Norihiko MIYANO, ...
    1999 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 69-76
    Published: June 25, 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to measure the volume of ammonia emitted in swine house, the authors evaluated the factors that relate to the emission of ammonia from swine manure. The value of ammonia emitted from swine manure is estimated by the following equation:
    maDa·CA·(Pa/(Ra·T))
    ma: the volume of emitted ammonia (kg/m2·h)
    αDa: the mass transfer coefficients of ammonia in swine manure (m/h)
    CA: the emission rate of ammonia in swine manure
    Pa: the saturated vapor pressure of ammonia (kg/m3)
    Ra: the gas constant of ammonia (m/k)
    T: absolute temperature (K)
    The authors evaluated mass transfer coefficient of swine manure. A replica of swine manure was made by naphthalene and set up an experimental equation for mass transfer, as a result, the mass transfer coefficient of ammonia in swine manure was within the following range:
    αDa=91-99u0.78 (u: air velocity m/s)
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  • Cooling Performance
    Hisashi KOWATA, Yoshikazu SATO, Shinji HOSHIBA, Satoshi KAGEYAMA, Kazu ...
    1999 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 77-82
    Published: June 25, 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This report describes the cooling performance of a commercial-scale refrigeration system with an ice pond of 1200m3 capacity which was designed and built at Tokachi, Hokkaido, to store 180 metric tons of potatoes until next July following the harvest. The storage area was filled with about 50 metric tons of potatoes which were refrigerated from the end of March using about 1000m3 ice produced in the winter. The maximum cooling power of the system was 13.3kW and the cooling COP (coefficient of performance) was about 1.7. The storage environment remained favorable for potatoes at 2°C and 93% relative humidity until the end of May. From the beginning of June, the cooling system was continuously operated until mid-August prior to the disappearance of ice at the end of August. An electric cooler was also used during this period due to the rising outside temperature and the increased frequency of door opening and closing. Since dehumidification was minimal in the ice pond refrigeration, the storage area naturally remained at high relative humidity obviating the need for a humidifier. The pre-cooling experiment with asparagus and cabbage yielded good results. The heat transfer through the top surface of the massive ice constituted a major portion of the total heat load responsible for melting the ice compared with that from the bottom and the sides. The measured amount of the total heat load on the ice mass agreed fairly well with the estimated value obtained from the initial latent heat of fusion stored in the manufactured ice.
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  • Quality of potatoes and related problems on distribution
    Hisashi KOWATA, Yoshikazu SATO, Shinji HOSHIBA, Takashi TARABA, Toshih ...
    1999 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 83-88
    Published: June 25, 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A commercial-scale ice pond refrigeration system showed the potato storage capability at 2°C for a period of seven months until the end of next June following the harvest. The quality of 11 cultivars of potatoes was investigated during this storage period. Sprouting did not occur, and the weight loss of tubers increased at the acceptable level from 1 to 6%, depending on the storage time and variety. The potato sweetness increased for all cultivars because of increased reducing sugar concentration from long-term storage. The overall quality was considered to be good as the sensory evaluation of the salad made from the stored potatoes was rated relatively high. The removal of potatoes from the cold storage caused condensation on their surfaces requiring their quick drying by mechanical ventilation. Also, since sprouting appears rather quickly after removal from cold storage, their consumption should follow as soon as possible. The present experiments demonstrated clearly the feasibility of potato storage by the ice pond refrigeration technique.
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