The relationships between the histopathological changes of liver and the electrophoretic findings (a decrease of albumin and an increase of γ-globulin) in serum protein were investigated on liver tissue and sera which had been obtained from 36 horses affected with equine infectious anemia.
It was found that the strength of histopathological changes of liver tissue was closely connected with both the decrease of albumin and the increase of γ-globulin. Especially, the findings of swelling and increase of reticulo-endotherial-system (RES) and appearance of histiocytes in the sinusoid of hepatic lobulus showed clear relation to the decrease of albumin and the increase of γ-globulin. The degree of infiltration of lymphoid cells showed also some relation to the increase of γ-globulin. It should be considered that the decrerse of albumin appeared secondarily to the increase of γ-globulin. It could be presumed, therefore that the increase of activity of RES caused that of γ-globulin. This thought is different from that of lymphocyte-theory and plasma-cell-theory. It is possible, however, to presume that the antibody-globulin may be produced by lymphocytes or plasma cells, and that the abnormal γ-globulin may be produced by activated RES.

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The electrophoretic analysis was applied to sera of 15 normal swine, those of 9 swine hyperimmunized with hog cholera virus (HCV), and those of various stages of the immunization of four swine hyperimmunized with HCV.
Methods of electrophoretic analysis
The electrophoretic analysis was carried out with the “HT-B Hitachi Tiselius” apparatus. Electrophoretic conditions were; 9-11MA, 100-110V., 40-50 minutes, and 15-22°C. The phosphate buffer solution was used. Total serum protein was determined with the “Hitachi Hand Protein Refractometer”. Protein fraction was measured with a ascending pattern by the weight method.
Experimental results
1) The results of electrophoretic analysis on sera of 15 swine which were considered to be in normal conditions are shown in Table 1; total protein 7.1g/dl, albumin (alb) 46.2%, α-globulin (glob) 19.7%, β-glob 15.7%, γ-glob 18.4%, and A/G 0.877.
2) The results of electrophoretic analysis on antisera of 9 swine hyperimmunized with HCV are shown in Table 2; total protein 7.6g/dl, alb 40.8%, α-glob 19.4%, β-glob 14.7%, γ-glob 25.1%, and A/G 0.701.
3) Mathews et al. have reported the increase of γ-glob of sera of swine hyperimmunized with HCV. This paper shows that as they reported, the average percent of γ-glob of hyperimmune sera was observed to be higher than that of normal sera, and that the increase of γ-glob was not always observed in all hyperimmune sera (see Table 2).
4) The results of electrophoretic analysis on sera of various stages of the immunization of 4 swine hyperimmunized with HCV are shown in Table 3. No remarkable electrophoretic changes of the sera were observed at any stages of the immunization of the cases concerned, and the antiserum which showed a remarkable increase of γ-glob was not observed in any cases.
5) The relationship of viral antibody to the protein fraction of swine sera hyperimmunized with HCV is of considerable importance. This paper reports that the relationship was investigated electrophoretically and immunologically.
The serum protein fractions were isolated from hyperimmune sera by means of the starch-electrophoresis and the neutralizing antibody titer of each fraction (alb, α-, β-, γ-glob) was detected by the tissue culture method, and the protective antibody was proved by injection of each fraction into swine.
From the above experimental results, it has been found that the neutralizing antibody is contained in β-glob and γ-glob fraction of the hyperimmune sera, and that the protective antibody consists mainly in γ-glob fraction of the hyperimmune sera.

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Abnormalities of metabolism centering around lipids in obesity were studied from the viewpoint of serum protein and compound proteins. At the same time these were studied from the chemical feature of serum for the purpose of establishing a relation with vascular sclerosis, hypertension and diabetes which are closed related to obesity.
In 22 patients with obesity, electrophoretically-separated protein fractions were measured; cholesterol was ascertained in relation with lipoprotein; the total protein-combining carbohydrate was determined in connection with glycoprotein.
The patients were treated with Neo-bazett which was mainly made up of dinitrophenol, and its effects were explored principally from the angle of serum features.
1. Serological findings in obesity were a decrease in the albumin fraction, a decrease in the albumin/globulin ratio and an increase in the α-and γ-globulin fractions.
A decrease in the β-lipoprotein fraction took place in many cases. The γ-lipoprotein fraction showed a slight increase. On the other hand, there was an evident increase in the total cholesterol level. The same tendency was observed in the esterified cholesterol level, and the ester ratio was nearly normal.
As for glycoprotein, an increase in the fraction was prominent, and the total protein-combining carbohydrate level had an increasing tendency.
2. These serological findings were not improved even when treatment of the patients with Neobazett brought about a decrease in body weight.
3. From these biochemical features of serum, the relationship was observed between obesity and diabetes or vascular sclerosis.

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With a view to studying abnormalities of metabolism in diabetes, measurement was paperelectrophoretically made of serum protein, compound protein, cholesterol, esterified cholesterol and protein-bound polysaccahride levels in diabetic patients and rabbits with alloxan-induced diabetes.
Observation was made on the diabetic patients in order to detect the presence of signs of arteriosclerosis and also to seek a relation between sick periods. Comparison of the results between rabbits with alloxan-induced diabetes and diabetic patients was made with the following results:
1. In diabetic patients the total protein level and albumin fractions generally showed a decrease. The extent of that decrease was a little greater in those who showed signs of arteriosclerosis. Those patients with signs of arteriosclerosis howed a remarkable increase in the α₂-globulin fraction. The longer was the period of illness, the greater was a decrease in the albumin fraction and an increase in the α₂- and β-globulin fractions. These changes had the same tendency, though different in extent, in rabbits with alloxan-induced arteriosclerosis.
2. There was a decrease in the α-lipoprotein fraction and an increase in the β-lipoprotein fraction. Both the cholesterol and esterified cholesterol levels showed an increase. That increase was marked in patients with signs of arteriosclerosis. An insignificant decrease in the ester/cholesterol ratio occurred in these patients. The longer was the sick period, the greater was that increase. The same tendency was observed in rabbits with alloxan-induced arteriosclerosis. In this case, the relationship between the β-lipoprotein fraction and the cholesterol level was found in diabetic patients and not in rabbits with alloxan-induced arteriosclerosis.
3. Glycoprotein fractions (albumin fractions and α- and β-fractions) which had a great electrophoretic mobility exhibited an increase in general, and an increase in the α₂-glycoprotein fraction in particular was striking. There was an increase in the protein-bound polysaccahride level along with that increase. The longer was the period of sickness, the greater was the increase in the protein-bound polysaccahride level. On the contrary, rabbits with alloxan-induced arteriosclerosis showed a decrease in the α-glycoprotein fraction, but exhibited an increase in the protein-bound polysaccharide level.

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Soluble protein from the liver tissue was studied by paper electrophoresis in an attempt to throw light on metabolic abnormalities in cancer from the standpoint of changes in tissue proteins from cancer-bearing organisms and the relationship between changes in the tissue and serum proteins. It was considered to serve the above purpose most properly to know changes in tissue proteins from the liver in metabolic abnormalities because the liver is an organ which plays a major part in intermediary metabolism.
In part I, investigations were made into basic conditions, e. g., tissue collection, extracting solutions, and the effects of blood contained in samples, the effects of trituration time on the extraction of soluble proteins, the extracting time, the removal of turbidity from extracting solutions, the concentration of proteins in samples, etc. In part II, normal rats and ascites-induced rats were compared with Yoshida-sarcoma-implanted rats on the basis of the results obtained in part I.
1. Fractions of protein and compound protein from saline-extracted liver tissues were not satisfactorily separated as those of serum protein were. The electrophoresis diagrams of the proteins were entirely different from those of serum protein.
2. The amount of tissue protein from the liver showed a decrease in sarcoma-implanted rats. This decrease was due not to proliferation of the sarcoma, but to a decrease in fraction A corresponding to the albumin plus α₁-globulin fraction of serum.
3. The total PBP level of sarcoma-implanted rats decreased in the liver tissue, contrary to that in serum. Parallelism existed between the level and the tissue glycoprotein fraction A (corresponding to the albumin plus α₁-globulin fraction of serum glycoprotein).
4. Like in the case of serum, the liver cholesterol level showed an increase, and there was a relationship between both. Parallelism was also found between the level and the tissue lipoprotein fraction C.

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