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Volume 37 (1971)
- Issue 6 Pages 533-
- Issue 5 Pages 429-
- Issue 4 Pages 333-
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- Issue 2 Pages 113-
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Volume 37, Issue 6
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
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KO-OICHI KIKUCHIArticle type: Article
1972 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages 533-555,654
Published: March 30, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: August 03, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSThe Statistical Account of Scotland (21 vols.) compiled by Sir John Sinclair in the 1790's lacks statistical uniformity if carefully observed, but contains many and various interesting matters. Particularly as a trustworthy description, it reveals actual conditions of economic and social life of inhabitants in rural districts of Scotland who were involved in the changes from a traditional to a modern way of life under the influence of industrialization. From this parish report, we are able to know that Scottish landowners of the eighteenth century played a great role in stimulating agricultural improvements and other economic and social activities. Of these activities, planning and building of villages by them seem to be especially noticeable. The creation of new villages or their reconstruction was, fundamentally, a means of providing employments to rural population who had been evicted from farm by agricultural changes or were being fallen in underemployment on the land, as well as improving their estates. In newly built or reconstructed villages, each of their inhabitants held a little plot of land and established himself as tradesman - for example, weaver, spinner, shop-keeper, mechanic, taylor, carter and so on. In this sense, it can be said that Scottish Landowners performed their missions as leaders or elites in a backward society, and at the same time it so raised the economic and aesthetical values of their estates as to satisfy their entrepreneurship and paternalistic authority. Thus the development of textile industry as the spearhead of industrialism was forwarded by the increase of created villages, as well as promoting it in its turn. Industrial (or manufacturing) villages established in Ayrshire, Lanarkshire, Stirlingshire and other counties with the comtemporary standard of technology were the new communities where their inhabitants could find their new work-places. Certainly, it is in these communities that the first generation of modern industrial workers had been brought up.View full abstractDownload PDF (2002K) -
HIROSHI OKUDAArticle type: Article
1972 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages 556-583,653-65
Published: March 30, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: August 03, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSThe Lenin-Bazarov plot of industrialization, as we call it, is based on the elaborated synthesis of the historical experiences of Europe and the particularity of Russian economic history. Shifting from War Communism to New Economic Policy was far from the simple concession to peasants but the long-term plan of modernization and industrialization of the rural districts which still clung to the extreme backwardness. The Lenin plot aimed at the formation of the industrial area constituted of earnest peasants (staratel 'nye krest' yane) and various sorts of artisan industry (kustarnaya promyshlennost), as well as the planned maintenance and balanced development of the productive forces inherited from the tsarist Russia. In correspondence to these two purposes, his plan of co-operation had the phase of national economic balance (in his "state-capitalistic" sense) and the phase of organization of active small producers. "Cultural Revolution", its main slogan, was the mental phase of this plot, and the famous slogan, electrification, was combined with these aimes, far from merely the foundation of heavy industries. It is the one-sided view currently diffused to describe him only as an admirer of modern technical powers. It may be said that his view-point on social-economic meanings of productive forces was formed during the NEP period in the course of struggling with the "Russian" backwardness. The industrialization debate after the death of Lenin contains many valuable ideas, among which is Bazarov's plot little known or unsuccessfully introduced. This theorist of Gosplan, former Menshevik, presented the most unique view-point on what called economic "regionalization" (raionifrovanie), which meant the method of local distribution of national productive elements. In his opinion, the historical experiment of socialism must have the way for the new type of industrialization and the new type of the village, renouncing "the stereotype for industrialization in the form of urban plants and factories." His stress was particulary put on the formation of the local territorial industrial-agricultural combine, which had the complete system of the social division of labor. The primitive industry of kustar' with its "domestic" features must be combined with the agricultural production near by, and the state sensus industry distributed and combined regionally, instead of concentration of large-scale industries exclusively in the established cities. On the other hand, he thought it fully consistent to keep market relations below and state control above, which is not so much the future blue-print of socialism as the necessary means of industrialization in the atmosphere of the "traditional natural economy." The particularity of Russian village industry that it had not been separate from agriculture, was the main lever of industrialization in the Lenin-Bazarov plot.View full abstractDownload PDF (2691K) -
TAKASHI UENOArticle type: Article
1972 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages 584-601,652-65
Published: March 30, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: August 03, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSIn summing up the activities of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group in the thirties, we can point out their conservative characters on all fields. For instance the gorup had taken a share of about 11 per cent in the world crude oil production constantly and had enjoyed a sound financial result in this hard decade. In this essay the author sketches a short economic and business history of the Group in terms of their cartel or cooperative movements in the thirties and wants to add a short supplement to the famous International Petroleum Cartel (1952). In the middle of the twenties the world economy had been growing year by year, but things changed gradually in the petroleum industry. Among many firms the group was the quickest to see the writing on the wall, overproduction of crude oil, and to persuade cooperation to each other. By their effort the 'Achnacarry' or 'As is' Agreement of 1928, the spirit of the most comprehensive cartel agreement in this industry, was shown. The petroleum industry consists of crude oil production, reffining, transportation and marketing. As time went on the essence of the 'Achnacary, Agreement was spread over all these fields. Without this in their integrated fields, the international petroleum cartel could not attain their purpose. With this Agreement the Big Three -Standard NJ, Anglo-Persian and the Group- tried to limit the competition in production (Middle East and Venezuela) and in marketing (Europe and Asia). The depressing thirties were the time of development of petrochemical industry and the time of technocrats. In petrochemical field the Group was running the top, and in this field cartels or patents had played the most important roles. Horeover cartel movements were not limited in these firms, IG Farben., ICI and Du Pont also wanted to make international and inter-industry cooperations among one another. As for technocrats the Group owned much to them. By Kessler, Cohen, De Kok and Pijzel the Group succeeded to establish MEKOG in Holland and Shell Chemical in California. Last but not lcast, tanker transportation has been the most important means of carrying oil from Producing to consuming countries, and the Group was the biggest tanker owner oil company at that time. But even for them it was essential to keep tanker freight rates as high as possible. In 1934, after the failure of the Tankskibscentralen of Norwegian, the International Tanker Owners Association was started, and it was entirely certain that if the Majors of oil companies had not entered in this cartel, its success would have been doubtful. In this tanker pool the Kessler plan came into being at last.View full abstractDownload PDF (1637K) -
ICHIRO NAGAIArticle type: Article
1972 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages 602-629,651-65
Published: March 30, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: August 03, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSWest Saxons made a landing at the south coast of Hampshire in 495. Then, conquering Britons, they went northward and reached the Upper Thames Valley in the second half of the six century. There they established West Saxon kingdom which included Hampshire, Wiltshire, and Berkshire. This is the story the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle tells us about the earliest history of Wessex. But according to archaeology and place name studies, it is evident that by the end of the fifth century a considerable number of Saxons had settled in the Upper Thames Valley. Moreover the Saxons who lived in Wiltshire and Hampshire in the fifth and sixth centuries were few and most of them were warriors. This discrepancy between the evidences about the Saxon settlement in the Upper Thames Valley can be explained that the Saxons in the Chronicle (Gewissae) conquered the Thames Saxons. In the laws of Ine we find "sixhynde", the lower class of nobles. This class is peculiar to the West Saxon kingdom and can not be found in other early laws of England. I take the view that "sixhynde" was the Thames Saxon obles whose amount of wergeld was lowered as the result of Gewissae's conquest. It is conjectured that Thames Saxon peasants began to migrate into Wiltshire in the first half of the seventh century at the earliest. There the native Britons hnd been under the rule of Gewissae for a long time, preserving their old settlement form, "vicus". The Saxon peasants were, in a sense, colonized among Britons without fights nor conquest, and they lived at peace with Britons. There was no general enslaving Britons under the Saxon peasants in Wiltshire.View full abstractDownload PDF (2384K) -
Shigeji TakeyasuArticle type: Article
1972 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages 630-637
Published: March 30, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: August 03, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (873K) -
Tomizo UjitaArticle type: Article
1972 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages 638-640
Published: March 30, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: August 03, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (397K) -
Keiji TajimaArticle type: Article
1972 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages 640-643
Published: March 30, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: August 03, 2017
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Osamu YanagisawaArticle type: Article
1972 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages 643-645
Published: March 30, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: August 03, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (399K) -
Jun NishikawaArticle type: Article
1972 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages 645-648
Published: March 30, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: August 03, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (472K) -
Article type: Bibliography
1972 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages 650-654
Published: March 30, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: August 03, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (266K)
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