SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY
Online ISSN : 2423-9283
Print ISSN : 0038-0113
ISSN-L : 0038-0113
Volume 40, Issue 6
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
  • Herbert Helbig, MASAYOSHI UOZUMI
    Article type: Article
    1975 Volume 40 Issue 6 Pages 533-555,648-64
    Published: March 25, 1975
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    In den Landschaften der Mark Brandenburg (westlich der Elbe die Altmark; ostlich der Elbe die Prignitz; die Mittelmark mit Havelland, Barnim, Teltow; die Uckermark; ostlich der Ober die Neumark) entstanden im Zuge der sich schnell vollziehenden deutschen Ostsiedlung seit dem spaten 12. Jahrhundert Marktorte und aus diesen Stadte. Die bedeutendsten waren Stendal und Salzwedel, Havelberg und Brandenburg, Spandau, Berlin und Colln an der Spree, Frankfurt an der oder und das 1235 gegrundete Prenzlau in der Uckermark. Von Anfang an spielte im Wirtschaftsleben dieser fur dem Marktvertkehr gegrundeten und unter Stadtrecht gestellten Orte der Handel die fuhrende Rolle. Das zeigt die uberlieferung zahlreicher Zollfreiheiten aus Holland und Hamburg und des von 1288 bis um 1350 gefuhrten Hamburger Schuldbuches. Um 1359 gehorten etwa ein Dutzend markischer Stadte zur Hanse. Dieser Entwicklung entsprechend konnten die Kaufleute als Trager des Handels auf lange Zeit hin die innerstadtische gesellschaftliche Ordnung der markischen Stadte von ihren Interessen abhangig machen. Diese stadtischen Fuhrungsschichten stellten den Rat und sicherten ihre Stellung dadurch, daβ die nicht fur den laufenden Geschaftsverkehr benotigten Gewinne aus ihrer Handelstatigkeit wertbestandig durch Erwerb von Lehnsbesitz auf dem Lande angelegt wurden. Das zeigen eindeutig die Angaben der Dorfregister des 1375 angelegten Landbuches der Mark Brandenburg. Die rege und ertragreiche Handelstatigkeit des markischen Groβburgertums bis ins 14. Jahrhundert schuf die Voraussetzung fur eine betrachtliche Kapitalinvestition auf dem Lande, die mit dem Erwerb von Lehnrechten den Bezug standiger Geldrenten und hoher Getreidelieferungen sicherte. Dann trat eine rucklaufige Bewegung ein. Der Verfall der landesherrlichen Ordnung hatte politische Ursachen; auβerdem brachte die seit 1350 auftretende Pest einen erheblichen Bevolkerungsverlust auf dem Lande. Dadurch verloren viele der adligen Grundherren die Grundlage ihrer wirtschaftlichen Existenz und wurden als gewalttatige, rauberische Strauchritter zu einer Plage der Stadte. Nur muhsam konnten sich die Stadte behaupten durch Einungen und Beistandspakte, die seit dem letzten Viertel. des 14. und im 15. Jahrhundert in den einzelnen Landschaften oder als interterritoriale Stadtebunde abgeschlossen wurden, zur Aufrechterhaltung der allgemeinen Sicherheit und zur Verfolgung des Raubwesens. Erst im 16. Jahrhundert besserten sich die Verhaltnisse, nachdem unter der festen Landesherrschaft der Zollern das Kammergericht begrundet worden war, vor dem nunmehr in ordentlichem Prozeβverfahren alle Falle von Landfriedensbruch verhandelt und abgeurteit wurden. Damit ist die Entwicklung des brandenburgischen Territoriums zum Rechtsstaat eingeleitet worden. Fur die Stadte brachte der Kampf gegen die adligen Landesstorer finanzielle Belastungen und wirtschaftliche Verluste, fuhrte groβtenteils zur Preisgabe alter patrizischer Ordnungen und schlieβlich mit dem Widerstand gegen die mit dem Adel verbundete Landesgewalt der Zollern zum Verlust der stadtischen Autonomie.
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  • KOICHI KAWAKAMI
    Article type: Article
    1975 Volume 40 Issue 6 Pages 556-575,647-64
    Published: March 25, 1975
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    Chieh-yen (解塩), which is now called Ho-tung-yen (河東塩), was the salt obtained from Yen-chih (塩池) in the south of Shan-hsi Province (山西省). It was because Yen-chih was under the jurisdiction of Chieh-chou (解州) in the Sung age that the salt was called Chieh-yen. Though Yen-chih is only a little salt lake, the output of Chieh-yen in the Sung age amounted to about half of Hai-yen (海塩) which meant the salt produced in all the coastal regions. In this age salt was ordained to be a government monopoly article, and various sorts of salt such as Hai-yen, Chieh-yen, Ching-yen (井塩), etc. were allocated respectively to specific consumption areas. Since Chieh-yen was produced in great quantities, a vast consumption area was set for it between Tsao-pu (曹濮) and Ch'in-feng (秦鳳). In this vast consumption area set for Chieh-yen, however, there were a number of places of production of salt other than Chieh-yen, such as Nu-yen-chih (女塩池) and Five Hsiao-chih (五小池) in the vicinity of Yen-chih, vorious prefectures (州) and districts (県) along the Yellow River (黄河) such as T'ung-chou (同州), and those in a fringe area. The salt produced at these places was not monopolized, and some of them, like T'ung-chou-yen (同州塩) was produced in such a considerable quantities that it was broadly used as private salt side by side with monopolized salt, thus disturbing the monopoly system for Chieh-yen. It is not hard to imagine that such sorts of salt as were produced in small quantities also disturbed the system to some extent even if there is no explicit evidence thereof. This short essay is an attempt to show the actual conditions at various places of salt production in the consumption area of Chieh-yen in the age of Sung, on the basis of scanty evidences in the Sung age and in the light of local records and historical literatures in the ages of Ming (明) and Ch'ing (清). The existence of these places of salt production reveals not only inconsistency of the Chieh-yen Act (解塩法) but also weakness of the Salt Monopoly Act under the reign of the Sung dynasty. It might be said that it clearly indicates the character of both national finance of the Sung dynasty and the Sung dynasty itself, and furthermore the character of the different dynasties in the history of China.
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  • Yuichi Kudo
    Article type: Article
    1975 Volume 40 Issue 6 Pages 576-606
    Published: March 25, 1975
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
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  • NOBUYUKI NAMBU
    Article type: Article
    1975 Volume 40 Issue 6 Pages 607-628,646-64
    Published: March 25, 1975
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    The population statistics in the first half of the nineteenth century, especially the occupational census in 1851 (and part of that in 1841), of South Wales reveal a rapid increase of population in manufacturing and mining counties and districts on the one hand, and rural depopulation on the other. They are, it seems, closely interrelated to the fluctuations of the iron trade in this area. It is not to be wondered at that natural increase in either Glamorganshire or Monmouthshire (a little in the latter, though), or even in the whole of South Wales, was below the population growth in the 1840s in spite of a little rise of the natural increase as a result of social increase. And the study of birth-places rof inhabitants in the census returns suggests that excess of in- over outflow from Ireland in the 1840s may have been nearly equal to the social increase in the whole of South Wales; that two thirds of immigrants in Glamorganshire and Monmouthshire in 1851 were born within a radius of thirty miles; that by origin the majority of the immigrants in Glamorganshire came from South Wales, while those in Monmouthshire were originally out of south western England, although most of the immigrants in the three western districts of the latter were born in South Wales; and that Welsh people tended to move over shorter distance than those born in south western England. These features are not fundamentally inconsistent with the prevailing explanations, and together with valuable remarks found among the notes in the 1851 census returns, support the 'ripple movements' theory. But they throw doubts upon A.H. John's emphasis that there were considerable long distance movements as well before the 1840s. Further production of evidences will be necessary if his theory claims to be accepted. In any case it is highly probable that Welsh people engaged in almost all the processes in iron and coal industries, having left entrepreneurial activities to English men.
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  • Tetsuo Nakamura
    Article type: Article
    1975 Volume 40 Issue 6 Pages 629-631
    Published: March 25, 1975
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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  • Taketoshi Sato
    Article type: Article
    1975 Volume 40 Issue 6 Pages 631-634
    Published: March 25, 1975
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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  • Tsunehiko Yui
    Article type: Article
    1975 Volume 40 Issue 6 Pages 634-636
    Published: March 25, 1975
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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  • Sakoe Tsunoyama
    Article type: Article
    1975 Volume 40 Issue 6 Pages 637-639
    Published: March 25, 1975
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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  • Article type: Bibliography
    1975 Volume 40 Issue 6 Pages 645-648
    Published: March 25, 1975
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
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