巻号一覧
43 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の10件中1～10を表示しています
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関口 武彦原稿種別: 本文
1977 年 43 巻 1 号 p. 1-24,108
発行日: 1977/06/30
公開日: 2017/07/22
ジャーナル オープンアクセスNach Rietschels Meinung laBt sich die Entstehung der privaten freien Erbleihe durch die alteren freien Leihverhaltnisse, insbesondere durch die Prekarie(precaria) erklaren. Aber die Durchsuchung der Traditionsurkunden von St. Stephanskloster in Wurzburg liefert den Beweis, daB die personlichen und rechtlichen Verhaltnisse der Prekaristen zum Leihherrn sehr verschieden sind, da als Prekaristen ebenso machtige Herren wie kleine Leute uns begegnen. Die einen treten als die beguterten Grundherren auf; die die Prekarite als Lehen(beneficium) empfangen und deshalb nicht unter der Herrschaft vom Kloster stehen; dib anderen suchen Hilfe und Schutz, und treten in den Stand der Horigen des eigenen Leihherrn ein, so daB ihr Gut sich allmahlich ins Zinsland(censiva) verwandelt. Das durch Precaria oblata (das Geben und Wiederempfangen vom Gut) geschaffene Leihverhaltnis trug jedenfalls zur Vermehrung der Macht und des Vermogens des Leihherrn, namlich des Wurzburger Bischofs bei.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2341K) -
有馬 達郎原稿種別: 本文
1977 年 43 巻 1 号 p. 25-53,108-107
発行日: 1977/06/30
公開日: 2017/07/22
ジャーナル オープンアクセスIn the second part of this paper, the author tries firstly to inquire into the introduction of modern techniques of iron production into Russia and secondly to analyse the structures of iron industry both in the Urals and the central regions and to clarify some features of seigneurial enterprises based on latifundia in the former. Some of the new techniques which revolutionized the English iron industry were introduced into Russia by the emancipation of 1861. Puddling process was first established on the Kama-Votka state workshop where experiments began in 1834 under the direction of an English engineer, and adopted among leading private workshops in the Urals and the central regions in 1840s Cylinder blowers and steam engines were also introduced to some extent. On the eve of the emancipation,according to the author's calculations, puddling furnaces supplied 47 percent of the wrought iron and the total horsepower of steam engines reached 2,900. Those new techniques, however, did not raise productive force of iron industry in Russia so remarkably as in England. Puddling furnaces adopted in Russia were operated with wooden fuel. Steam engines in Russia were employed as all aid to waterwheel power. Consequently they did not cause the conversion of furnace fuel from wooden into mineral. The cross-section data of the iron industry in 1859, processed and analysed from various angled, reveal some notable features. Conspicuous differences can be found out between the Urals and the Central regions. Seigneurial enterprises in the Urals were distinguished by their amount of iron production and landed property. Their average landed property amounted to 250,000 dessiatines, whereas in the central regions 23,000 dessiatines. There were differences between the two regions also in respects of organization of enterprises and labor force. Seigneurial enterprises in the Urals based on huge landed property and servile labor were falling into bankruptcy toward the emancipation. Many of the enterprise owners were burdened with debts of large sum, mortgaging their serfs. Being in want of money for extravagance; they made forward sale agreements with merchants a year in advance and lost much on the price of iron. There can be no doubt that the basic cause of stagnation of the iron industry was the system of forced labor and the monopoly of domestic market. From the viewpoint of technique, however, the author concludes that the fuel conversion in Russia was stubbornly obstructed by the seigneurial landed property which was tightly combined with natural resources, i.e. wood and iron ore, consequently with the mediaeval technique of iron production. The modern techniques introduced into Russia did not exercise their proper productive force until the fuel conversion was realized.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2585K) -
高瀬 弘一郎原稿種別: 本文
1977 年 43 巻 1 号 p. 54-72,106-105
発行日: 1977/06/30
公開日: 2017/07/22
ジャーナル オープンアクセスThe chief source of revenue for the earl}T Christian Church in Japan came from her trade activities, which covered various commodities but could be dichotomized into raw silk and others. It is true that the activities of the Society of Jesus was dominated by the silk trade, reflecting the trade activities between Macao and Nagasaki, since the business activities of the Society was pursued by taking part in Macao's trade with Japan. But the Socicty of Jesus in Japan dealt not only in silk but in considerable quantities of other commodities It is now known that already in 1570ts they dealt in gold, various kinds of cloths, quick silver, lead, besides silk, and later in musk, amber, pottery, sugar, medicine, and others, of which gold was the most important but silk. It was the strong demand for gold among daimyos before the Tokugawa period that precipitated gold importation. Some of the records in 1590s show that the Society of Jesus imported twenty to thirty bullions (12.5 oz. per each) of gold into Japan, making a profit at twenty-five to forty percent. Another document in 1620 reads that the same weight of bullion cost sixty to ninety cruzados in China and could be sold in Japan at a price fifty to sixty percent higher. In the seventeenth century the importance that silk had occupied in the trade activities of the Society of Jesus in Japan fell off relatively. Accordingly it was not favourable to the society that the officially sanctioned trade was limited to silk only, and they held the Provincial Congregation at Nagasaki in 1614 to amend the policy, decided to include silk, gold, musk and amber in the trade commodities of official sanction, and sent the resolution to the Jesuit General to ask for the permission. It must be noticed that while there is no doubt that it was the demand for those goods in Japan that urged this movement, there is also a fact that Macao, because of the growth of the city, could no longer provide the Society of Jesus with as much raw silk and silk goods as before. Moreover when there was little difference with regard to profit rate, the articles less bulky and easier to transport and handle were more preferable to the church, and it was all the more so when they were thrown into the days of persecution. Thus the Jesuit General permitted to include gold and musk besides raw silk in the trading commodities in 1621.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1801K) -
加藤 博原稿種別: 本文
1977 年 43 巻 1 号 p. 73-88
発行日: 1977/06/30
公開日: 2017/07/22
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (1794K) -
山田 欣吾原稿種別: 本文
1977 年 43 巻 1 号 p. 89-92
発行日: 1977/06/30
公開日: 2017/07/22
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (504K) -
梶村 秀樹原稿種別: 本文
1977 年 43 巻 1 号 p. 92-95
発行日: 1977/06/30
公開日: 2017/07/22
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (538K) -
速水 融原稿種別: 本文
1977 年 43 巻 1 号 p. 95-98
発行日: 1977/06/30
公開日: 2017/07/22
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (522K) -
高橋 衛原稿種別: 本文
1977 年 43 巻 1 号 p. 98-101
発行日: 1977/06/30
公開日: 2017/07/22
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (523K) -
矢木 明夫原稿種別: 本文
1977 年 43 巻 1 号 p. 101-103
発行日: 1977/06/30
公開日: 2017/07/22
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (389K) -
原稿種別: 文献目録等
1977 年 43 巻 1 号 p. 105-108
発行日: 1977/06/30
公開日: 2017/07/22
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (171K)
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