巻号一覧
46 巻, 6 号
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上野 喬原稿種別: 本文
1981 年 46 巻 6 号 p. 625-647,752-75
発行日: 1981/03/28
公開日: 2017/11/24
ジャーナル オープンアクセスL'amelioration de la condition du peuple francais a ete l'ideal de l'ecole Saint-Simonienne. Michel Chevalier n'a jamais rejete cette ideal, quoi qu'il ait ulterieurement quitte ce groupe. En 1830 l'ere du chemin de fer etait deja commence en Angleterre. Mais quand on voit la situation des voies de communication francaises, on est impressionne par leur pauvrete. Comme jeune Saint-Simonien, Michel Chevalier a ecrit le "Systeme de la Mediterranee" en 1832. Cette publication n'etait qu'une petite brochure, mais elle fut un livre prophetique pour le chemin de fer francais. La meme anne Clapeyron, Lame, Stephane et Eugene Flachat ont publie les "Vues politiques et pratiques sur les travaux publics en France". Ainsi 1832 a ete une annee memorable pour l'histoire du chemin de fer francais. Apres une annee a Sainte-Pelagie, Michel Chevalier, ex Saint-Simonien, a ete d'abord aux Etats-Unis afin d'y etudier principalement le systeme des voies de communication. On a dit que Frederic List aussi a lui propose ce voyage. Ce qui a frappe le plus Michel Chevalier, ce fut le developement de l'industrie, l'extension des reseaux de communication et l'essor demographique. Mais en France, il n'y avait capital ni esprit d'entreprise pour les travaux publics. Il fallait trouver ces deux moyens rapidement. Dans son oeuvre "Des interets materiels en France" en 1838, Michel Chevalier a propose un plan positif de developpement mixte de l'organisation economique et des voies de communication en France. Il a imagine une connexion organisee des rivieres navigables, des canaux et du chemin de fer. Pour ces travaux publics il a propose a la charge du Tresor, un budget de 1,184 millions de francs reparti sur 12 ans, au lieu du budget de 2,800 millions de francs reparti sur 30 ans deja etabli par l'Administration des Ponts et Chausses. En tant que premier ecomoniste et technocrate francais, Michel Chevalier etait conscient des limites du Tresor et des compagnies privees. Il fallait alors amener l'un et l'autre a cooperer a cet ouvrage grandiose. Il convint d'introduire dans cette affaire un systeme de garantie d'interet minimum pour satisfaire les deux parties. Michel Chevalier a parle de cette these dans son Cours d'Economie Politique au College de France. L'esprit de cette these a ete insere dans la loi du chemin de fer de 1842. Le plan de Michel Chevalier a ete entierement realise sous le Second Empire. A cause de son oeuvre, Michel Chevalier a parfaitement merite d'etre eleve au rang de membre du Conseil d'Etat sous Napoleon III. Ce que Michel Chevalier a finalement voulu, ce fut la realisation d'un systeme de communication bon marche pour le peuple francais.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2132K) -
千田 稔原稿種別: 本文
1981 年 46 巻 6 号 p. 648-678,751-75
発行日: 1981/03/28
公開日: 2017/11/24
ジャーナル オープンアクセスIn the first part of this study of finance in the period of the original capital formation in Japan, the author investigated hansai shobun 藩債処分 in the light of hansai shushu. (vol.45 no.6) Here in the final part of the study the author tries to throw light on the connection between Shinkyuu koosai and tax burden on the farmers, studying the way the government worked out the plan to finance the principal and interest of shinkyuu koosai. An attempt is made to make clear the policy of collecting loan given to people by han governments, which has been hitherto neglected by the students. The conclusions of my analysis are as follows. 1. How to work out the plan for defraying shinkyuu koosai as well as loans placed on the foreign market was one of the financial problems under the financial difficulties at that time. Shigenobu Ookuma intended to appropriate the collected loans of former han. 2. This attempt to establish 'affectation' between them, however, could not be realized because of people's, especially farmers' request for the annulment and postponing of yearly installments of the loans of former han. Taking a firm attitude toward merchants in collecting those loans, the government made a concession to farmers and shizoku, ex-samurai class. And since a greater part of the debtors were farmers, only fifteen per cent of the loans of former han was collected after all as one of the independent financial resources. 3. As a result, the collection of those loans was far from enough to defray the public debt, which caused the government to appropriate for it both some of the general revenue and the third (Nov. 10, 1873) or the second (May 15, 1875) section of the reserve fund. Thus the general revenue came to have a relation with the expenditure of public debts. On the other hand, the collected loans of exhan were turned into the second (Nov. 10, 1873) or the third (May 15, 1875) section of the reserve fund which had nothing to do with the expenditure of the public debt. But afterwards through some amendment to appropriate the second-section money to the third-section expenditure (Aug. 24, 1875) and the alteration to make the collected loans be turned into the second-section of the reserve fund (May 1, 1876), the collection of the loans of ex-han was by degrees appropriated to the expenditure of public debt. However it was only able to defray a paltry sum of the expenditure of public debt.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (3287K) -
松田 吉郎原稿種別: 本文
1981 年 46 巻 6 号 p. 679-705,750-74
発行日: 1981/03/28
公開日: 2017/11/24
ジャーナル オープンアクセスDuring the late Ming and the early Ch'ing period, T'ung tsu (同族) groups led by Hsiang-shen cultivated sha-t'ien and constructed facilities for water supply at Chu-chiang delta with labours of Liv-ming (流民) and others. Besides they acquired the ownership of the delta both by the lawful means such as t'ou-hsien (投献) and by the unlawful ones such as chan-sha (占沙). Then the double landowning system nanmed Chi-chuang (寄荘) came into existence in Hsian-shan-hsien (香山県). For the purpose of correcting the evils of it, Ming dynasty made some reforms in Chia-ching (嘉靖) age and practiced chan-liang (丈量) in Wan-li (万暦) age, but the policies were not successful. On the contrary, yiian-e (原額) principal in the tax collection system of Ming dynasty gave rise to Ting-kung-hsii-shui (定弓虚税) in Nan-hai-hsien (南海県) and reappearance of chi-chuang. Although Ch'ing dynasty also improved the tax collection system-san-lien-p'iaofa (三連票法), kun-tan-fa (滾単法), te-ming-fa (的名法) etc. -, Pao-lan (包攬) system under the control of hsiang-shen were not basically reformed. According to the development of sha-t'ien cultivation, hsiang-shen established the control of the coastal inhabitants named Tan-min (蛋民), which caused some of them to change into sea robbers. Masaya Sasaki (佐々木正哉) mentioned that hsiang-shen power was caused by "the threat from poor people groups" As above mentioned, however, it is evident that it was caused by "the primary element", that is, the estblishment of economic and political base and that his opinion is "the secondary element". The hsiang-shen control system was divided into two classes; one is found in ta-hsing (大姓) village consisting of t'ung-tsu groups led by hsiang-shen, the other is in hsiao-hsing (小姓), tsa-hsing (雑姓) village in the chi-chuang area under hsian-shen control. In the former, hsiang-shen had the right of management and operation of tsu-ch'an (族産) and produced commodities such as sang (桑), li-chin (茘枝), lung-yen (龍眼) on tsu-t'ien (族田) or other land under their personal management. They had jurisdiction over their village and held weapons and private soldiers against the infringement of thieves. In the latter, according to the development of commodity production, t'ien-hu (佃戸) resolved themselves into two classes--rich farmers named shin-t'ou (使頭) and the poor named t'ien-hu. This landowning system was generally called i-t'ien-liang-chu-chih (一田両主制). Then some of poor farmers were obliged to desert their arable 1and in order to escape from hsiang-shen control. Coping with these situations, it can be said that hsiang-shen had qualities of feudal lords though unmatured, rather than of mere parasitic landowners.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2616K) -
藤田 哲雄原稿種別: 本文
1981 年 46 巻 6 号 p. 706-723
発行日: 1981/03/28
公開日: 2017/11/24
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (1770K) -
ブロードブリッジ シーモァ原稿種別: 本文
1981 年 46 巻 6 号 p. 724-728
発行日: 1981/03/28
公開日: 2017/11/24
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (591K) -
塩澤 君夫原稿種別: 本文
1981 年 46 巻 6 号 p. 729-732
発行日: 1981/03/28
公開日: 2017/11/24
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (528K) -
大竹 愼一原稿種別: 本文
1981 年 46 巻 6 号 p. 732-734
発行日: 1981/03/28
公開日: 2017/11/24
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (378K) -
小林 袈裟治原稿種別: 本文
1981 年 46 巻 6 号 p. 734-737
発行日: 1981/03/28
公開日: 2017/11/24
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (446K) -
原稿種別: 目次
1981 年 46 巻 6 号 p. 743-748
発行日: 1981/03/28
公開日: 2017/11/24
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (204K) -
原稿種別: 文献目録等
1981 年 46 巻 6 号 p. 749-752
発行日: 1981/03/28
公開日: 2017/11/24
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (219K)
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