SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY
Online ISSN : 2423-9283
Print ISSN : 0038-0113
ISSN-L : 0038-0113
Volume 47, Issue 3
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
  • Hisashi Watanabe
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 239-264,350-34
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Die Rheinisch-Westindische Kompagnie, die dank dem unternehmerischen Ehrgeiz eines angesehenen Baumwollfabrikanten Johann Jakob Aders in Elberfeld im Jahre 1821 zustande kam, machte sich zur Aufgabe, die Produkte der heimischen Industrie, vor allem aber die bergischen Textil- und Eisen-waren nach Westindien, Nord- und Sudamerika zu exportieren. Nach ihren elfjahrigen Aktivitaten geriet RWK doch schon im Jahre 1832 in ihre Auflosung. Die Ursachen des Miβerfolgs der RWK werden oft nicht nur auf den harten Schlag der Handelskrise 1825 und die immer unstabilisierten Marktlagen der lateinamerikanischen Staaten, sondern auch auf die Problematische Betriebsleitung des Subdirektors Carl Christian Becher zuruckgefuhrt, der besonders nach dem Tod des Firmengrunders Aders 1825 die Initiative der Betriebspolitik der RWK allmahlich in die Hand nahm. Die Aufgabe dieses Aufsatzes liegt hauptsachlich darin, solch anscheinende Ursachen des fruhzeitigen Scheiterns der RWK, vor allem durch eine Untersuchung der Organisation ihres Managements zu uberprufen. Da RWK sich gegen eventuale Betriebsschwierigkeiten nicht nur mit unter damaligen Verhaltnissen enormem Kapital, sondern auch mit einem ausgepruften Statut, womit jede Ubertretung und Versehen der Betriebsleitung durch die gegenseitige und stete Kontrolle effektiv vermieden werden sollte, von vornherein ausrustete, ware es wohl nicht zutreffend, ungunstigen Kojunkturen oder unfahigen Unternehmern unmittelbar die Schuld zu geben. Vielmehr kame es darauf an, ob das Statut der RWK wirklich zweckmassig konstituiert sei. Obwohl es in seinem ersten Artikel das Interesse des " Vaterlandes" hinstellte, ist es nicht zu verleugnen, daβ "Vaterland" weder als "Deutschland" noch als "Preussen", sondern vor allem als Bergisches Land interpretiert werden sollte, wenn man sich nur einen Einblick in die Bestimmungen uber die Mitgliederschaft der Direktion und des Direktorialrats verschafft. In ihrer Gestalt ein nationales Institut, in ihrer Zielsetzung war RWK doch durchaus ein regionales Exportinstitut. Dennoch umfasste sie wegen ihrer Unternehmensorganisation als eine Aktiengesellschaft notwendigerweise zweier Schichten der Aktionare, namlich die heimischen Kunden-Aktionare und die fremden Anleger-Aktionare, deren einander widersprechenden Anliegen der Betriebspolitik der RWK eine ernste Zwiespaltigkeit verursachten. Einerseits war RWK gezwungen, ununterbrochen einen gewissen Gewinn zu erzielen, well ihr Statut ihren Aktionaren vierprozentige Verzinsung verhieβ. Unter damaligen Umstanden konnte RWK nur mit einem von vornherein festgesetzten Dividendensatz erwarten, Zeichner ihrer Aktien genug nicht nur im bergischen Land, sondern uber das rheinisch-westfali-schen Gebiet hinaus auch in ganz Deutschland herauszufinden. Andererseits war es doch die allerwichtigste Aufgabe der RWK, trotz aller Schwierigkeiten, unter Umstanden sogar mit keinem Profit, die Absatzmoglichkeit der heimischen Produkte auf dem amerikanischen Markt zu erschlieβen. Aus den Geschaftsgangen besonders nach der Handelskrise 1825 ergab sich schlieβlich, daβ der Schwergewicht des Sortiments der Exportartikel sich vom rheinischen Baumwoll- und Seidengewebe aufs schlesische Leinengewebe verlagerte, weil ein gewisser Absatz trotz der hektischen Konkurrenz mit den britischen und franzosischen Produkten auf dem lateinamerikanischen, besonders aber auf dem mexikanischen Markt dem letzteren immerhin gewahrt wurde. Es ist dabei verstandlich, daβ die dortigen Agenten, die meistens keinen richtigen Sinn fur das regionale Interesse des bergischen Land hatten, sich vor allem mit denjenigen Waren befassen wollten, die mit verhaltnismaβig niedrigeren Kosten abzusetzen waren. Das beteutet, daβ RWK in ihrem Geschaft mehr und mehr von ihrem ursprunglichen Hauptzweck abweichte, was nun gegen das Interesse der heimischen Kunden-Aktionare verstieβ, denen es mehr auf die

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  • Tatsuko Takeuchi
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 265-288,348-34
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    Capital formation in an industrial enterprise can be analyzed by the construction of assets and its variation with the development of the company. Because various assets in account books during the industrial revolution in Britain were not well-classified, fixed capital in an industrial enterprise has not been adequately defined in the debates of capital formation so far developed by many authors. The author has analyzed in a previous paper the content of debtor in balance sheets of Newton Chambers, and revealed the importance of loans in the early period of its history (1792-1806). The present paper analyzed creditor, the opposite side of balance sheets, in 1799-1850(earlier period), and 1817-1820(later period). The material assets in the stock books were classified into three groups: (1)fixed assets(buildings, fixtures, machines, tools and other equipments), (2)circulating assets(raw materials, half-finished goods, and goods stock), and (3)other assets which were considered not indispensable for production of goods,(such as firms, lands, shop stocks, sunday school, etc.). The immaterial assets were divided into two groups: (4)ordinary account of credit sales (charge account) which amount to about 65 % of annual turnover, and (5) long-term credits which arose on sales and are considered to be due after more than one year. In the present analysis, fixed capital is detined by (1), circulating capital by(2)+(4), and surplus capital by(3)+(5). The surplus capital is treated as useful for the analysis of the growth of an industrial enterprise. The ratio of the fixed to circulating capital in the present definition was almost constant in the both periods, but the surplus capital greatly increased in the later period, by as large as one thirds of total assets. In the period after the completion of Thorncriffe Iron Works of Newton Chambers, the the surplus capital was very small and the percentage of the fixed capital to the total capital was about 45-50%. The same percentages of two cotton enterprises (M'Connel Kennedy and Oldknow Cowpe) in the similar stages of their growth were about 40-45 %. It has been said that some of surplus capital flowed out of industrial activity, but the amount was very small in Newton Chambers, and most of the surplus capital was used as credit for other newly established industrial enterprises. The variation of the construction of assets in Newton Chambers can be regarded as an elementaly unit of capital formation in the industrial revolution in Britain.
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  • Masaru Yoneyama
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 289-312,347-34
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
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    The present essay deals with the problems of enforcement of the 'Cloth Acts', especially 'An Acte towching the making of Wollen Clothes'(1558) and throws some lights on the effects of these Acts. This paper consists of six parts. In the first part the articles I to VIII of the Act of 1558 are examined, these articles being the provisions which laid on the statutory dimensions and weight of cloths to restrain overstretching of cloths by clothiers. In the second part the articles IX to XX are also examined, and it is found that these articles provided that not only the cloths made in towns corporate but also the cloths made out of towns corporate should be searched by the searchers of towns who were to be appointed by mayors and other chief ofticers of towns corporate. In the third part it is made clear that in London many white broadcloth clothiers of west England among others were fined for bringing defective cloths to Blackwell Hall. A few years later, however, Blacwell Hall searchers, extracted fines less often, though clothiers would more readily agree to compound in order to avoid serious scrutiny. In the fourth part, the articles XXI to XXVI of the Act of 1558 prescribed apprenticeship for seven years of clothiers and weavers, and also forbade clothmaking outside towns corporate and market towns. But there was a proviso which prescribed to the contrary except for west England. In the fifth part, the author finds out that for some twenty years clothiers of west England were very occasionally prosecuted at Westminster courts for clothmaking outside towns. In 1575, however, some five Wiltshire clothiers were indicted by Peter Blackborrow,a clothier of somerset. Those five clothiers fulled and finished cloths in their own fulling mills and they were fined at Blackwell Hall for the defectiveness of their cloths according to the cloths standards of the Act of 1558. In the last part, the author points out that less certain is the motive which impelled Peter Blackborrow to lay the informations against clothiers. The formal pecuniary rewards given to him were not so high, for the economic and social cost of even a succesful action may have been heavy, so he might have made money by private composition with clothiers and weavers. But he could not make a regular income from such shady transactions. It may be certain that he laid the series of informations and proposals for the reform of existing machinery for the enforcement of the 'Cloth Acts', so as to justify the cosensus under comnposition or even seek grant of exclusive royal right to inform or compound with clothiers within a said county or a region.
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  • Jiro Ikenaga
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 313-315
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
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  • Yasuo Mishima
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 315-318
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
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  • Yuujiro Ooguchi
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 318-321
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
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  • Yasushi Goto
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 321-324
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
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  • Masaaki Kobayashi
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 324-326
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
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  • Shiro Masuda
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 326-329
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
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  • Shoosuke Hiaraki
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 330-332
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
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  • Shigeru Goto
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 333-335
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
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  • Shizukazu Yoshida
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 335-338
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
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  • Yooichi Taguchi
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 338-341
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
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  • Shin-ichi Kajikawa
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 341-343
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
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  • Article type: Bibliography
    1981 Volume 47 Issue 3 Pages 345-350
    Published: October 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: July 15, 2017
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