巻号一覧
47 巻, 5 号
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米川 伸一原稿種別: 本文
1982 年 47 巻 5 号 p. 477-508,630
発行日: 1982/02/25
公開日: 2017/07/15
ジャーナル オープンアクセスThe porpose of this article is to make a comparison of the U.K., U.S.A., lndia and Japan in reference to the growth of cotton spinning firms. In these countries, a number of spinning firms came into being during the fourth quarter of the last century, mainly as a result of the enactment of company act in each country. The period of comparison, therefore, covers the 1870s to the 1930s. The comparison reveals many fact-findings. Each country's characteristics in this regard can be summerized as follows. (1) U.K. The change of upper ranking firms during the period considered is most remarkable, because forerunners gradually lose their energies for expansion. One unit firm were overwhelmingly dominant. (2) U.S.A. The ranking of largest firms is fairly steady up to the Second World War. In these firms the vertical integration had finished before the Second World War. (3) India The growth is very moderate, and one-unit firm is remarkable. The life cycle of the firms is also short. (4) Japan In comparison with these countries, Japan has a number of features which will be summerized below. (i) Forerunners kept their leading position. (ii) Successful absorbtion of small firms by large ones. (iii) Formation of overseas plants and entry to rayon industry in l920s. (iv) Imcomplete Integration as the result of lack of direct-selling. Brief historical explaration has been made in English in A. Ohkochi and S. Yonekawa (eds.), Textile lndustry and Business Climate : The Proceedings of the Eight Fuji Conference on Business History (Tokyo, 1982).抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2560K) -
佐々木 寛司原稿種別: 本文
1982 年 47 巻 5 号 p. 509-541,630-62
発行日: 1982/02/25
公開日: 2017/07/15
ジャーナル オープンアクセスStudente of national banks in Japan have hitherto been concerned with the problem of who founded the banks and with classification of their types according to the founders. Actually the founders character was reflected, without doubt, upon bank management in the pioneer days, which makes it seem as if always valid to grasp the national banks on the basis of their types which were defined by the character of various founders. It is dangerous, however, to draw a conclusion before we have examined whether such early character was sustained through the developing Process of the national banks. This article intends to make up for the above mentioned defect in research through the analysis of the business reports of the Eighty-fifth National Bank in Kawagoe which was established in 1878 as the sole national bank in Saitama Prefecture. By comparing the managerial structure in the early days with that of the later days, the author elucidates its changing character and its development. It is positively made clear that though its initial business activities tended to be those of money-lending strongly defined by the founders' character it came to change in its character and developed into a modern bank as it was influenced by and responded to the Japanese capitalism. This analysis and the hitherto accumulated research of the national banks in Japan leads to the conclusion that in order to elucidate and classify the types and nature of the national banks it is necessary to add in our perspective 'types of development'; that is to say, we have to investigate how each national bank changed its initial character to transfigure into a full-fledged modern bank, responding to the growth and development of the Japanese capitalism. Those types of development are to be listed as follows: (1) Those national banks which were transforming into modern banks as early as in the later years of the first decade of the Meiji era. (2) Those national banks which began to emerge as modern banks in the period of rapid development of the Japanese capitalism in the later years of the second decade of the Meiji era. (The banks of this type are assumed to have been dominant.) (3) Those national banks which could not actively respond to the development of the Japanese capitalism and found it impossible to transforminto modern banks while they remained to be national banks. (4) Those national banks which were slow in changing its character from the initial one. (5) Those national banks which could not tide over the depression in the end of the first decade of the Meiji era and failed, or were absorbed or merged into other banks.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (3066K) -
富永 憲生原稿種別: 本文
1982 年 47 巻 5 号 p. 542-567,628-62
発行日: 1982/02/25
公開日: 2017/07/15
ジャーナル オープンアクセスOne of the striking features of the Japanese industrial organization between the two World Wars is that cartels were formed in many industries. But recently Kazuo Sato found the fact that in this period the pricemechanism in Japan had worked out well, which raised some doubt on the effects of those cartels. So the aim of this paper is to examine the effects of those cartels-the effect of those cartels is shown by the difference of profit rates between cartel sectors and non-cartel sectors. -and find the general character of cartel activities and cartel sectors. The following facts were found out. 1. Cartel movement in Japan began to be active after the First World War, when chronic depressions attacked her, and reached the peak in the panic of 1930-1931. But with the recovery of Japanese economy after 1932, the number of cartels newly formed rapidly declined. 2. Cartels were mainly formed in large corporation sectors, whose products were homogeneous ones, and in which the number of corporations was small. 3. Before the Second World War, the policy of the government in Japan generally promoted the activities of cartels. The purpose of the Major Industries Control Law enacted in 1931 重要産業統制法 was to control the market by cartels. Especially in depression it tried to make outsiders accept cartel agreements. But we should mind that inthe boom after 1934 it had effects to check unreasonably high prices raised by cartels. 4. Although many cartels were formed before 1931, most of them were not satisfactorily effective, but in process of the recovery after 1932 some cartels became to have considerable effects. However high prices raised by those cartels stimulated the activities of outsiders, which gradually weakened the control of those cartels. The cartels which had distinctive efeects were Japan Cotton Spinning Federation 大日本紡績連合会 and Japan Paper Manufactures Federation 日本製紙連合会. In Japan before the Second World War cartels of light industries had more effects than those of heavy-chemical industries. Particularly in process of the recovery after 1932, many new entries owing to the expansion of demand made the market of heavy-chemical manufacturing products competitive. 5. Cartel prices of Japan were much more flexible than thos of the U.S. This fact is particularly appropriate to cartel prices of heavy-chemical manufacturing products such as steel and iron ones, chemical and allied ones and cement.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2345K) -
家田 修原稿種別: 本文
1982 年 47 巻 5 号 p. 568-602,627-62
発行日: 1982/02/25
公開日: 2017/07/15
ジャーナル オープンアクセスThe starting point of the modern agriculture in Hungary was the emancipation of the serfdom in 1848. While by the end of the 18th century some landlords had begun to convert their farming to the "Junker" type of farming, such a conversion now became virtually compulsory for every landlord after the emancipation. A small number of landowners who owned large estates of more than some thousands of holds (1 hold=0.57 ha.) could raise funds for the conversion by leasing out the lands or by bank credit, and this stratum ruled the Hunarian agriculture, and then Hungary itself. For the middle or lesser landlords, however, this conversion meant so great a difficulty that the major part of this stratum experienced a failure in their position as landowners and lost their lands in some decades after the emancipation. This declining stratum was the main source of the "gentry" class, which embodied the backwardness of the Hungarian society before the Second World War. On the other hand the small farm of peasants was connected with the communal appropriation of land, which strongly remained even after the emancipation. Nevertheless, among the upper class of the Peasantry some tried to make their farming independent from the communal framework. In the first part of this paper, farming of one peasant, who behaved actively in the new conditions in the second half of the 19th century, is investigated as an example, and it is considered that in what relations with the communal appropriation of land his farm was reproduced. Here we analyze the field system and the regulation of cultivation (Flurzwang) in the arable lands, the custom of joined grazing in the communal pastures, and the total balance of the farming accounts, which takes the income and expenses in kind into consideration. In the second part, a more general picture of the relations between the peasant farming and the land community is drawn. Here we conclude that the smaller the farm is, the more dependent or the more closely related it is on or with the communal appropriation of land, and that the upper class of the peasantry, who might have had a possibility to play a leading role in breaking up the traditional framework of the land community was so small in number that they could not form a socially significant force.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2900K) -
中村 質原稿種別: 本文
1982 年 47 巻 5 号 p. 603-606
発行日: 1982/02/25
公開日: 2017/07/15
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (522K) -
山口 和雄原稿種別: 本文
1982 年 47 巻 5 号 p. 606-609
発行日: 1982/02/25
公開日: 2017/07/15
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中山 美緒原稿種別: 本文
1982 年 47 巻 5 号 p. 609-612
発行日: 1982/02/25
公開日: 2017/07/15
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (522K) -
久保 亨原稿種別: 本文
1982 年 47 巻 5 号 p. 612-615
発行日: 1982/02/25
公開日: 2017/07/15
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (530K) -
佐藤 伊久男原稿種別: 本文
1982 年 47 巻 5 号 p. 615-617
発行日: 1982/02/25
公開日: 2017/07/15
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川辺 信雄原稿種別: 本文
1982 年 47 巻 5 号 p. 618-620
発行日: 1982/02/25
公開日: 2017/07/15
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川北 稔原稿種別: 本文
1982 年 47 巻 5 号 p. 620-623
発行日: 1982/02/25
公開日: 2017/07/15
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (481K) -
原稿種別: 文献目録等
1982 年 47 巻 5 号 p. 626-630
発行日: 1982/02/25
公開日: 2017/07/15
ジャーナル オープンアクセスPDF形式でダウンロード (251K)
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