SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY
Online ISSN : 2423-9283
Print ISSN : 0038-0113
ISSN-L : 0038-0113
Volume 52, Issue 2
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
  • MASAYUKI TANIMOTO
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 151-184,302-30
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    The Japanese cotton weaving industry, which began to produce fabric as a merchandise in the latter half of the 18th century, expanded with changing economic circumstances caused by the Opening of the Ports and the Meiji Restoration during the 1860's -1880's. In this paper, we want to study the reasons for the development of the industry during this period by observing the development in the Iruma district, Saitama prefecture. The Iruma district can be characterized as a newly-risen producing area of cotton weaving, for production of cotton fabric was on the increase during this period. A merchant (Hosobuchi) who lived in Miyadera village of that district increased his annual fabric selling from 3,000 tan (one tan being the length required for a kimono) to 30,000 tan during the 1860's-1870's. At first, his customers were merchants from neighboring villages, but in the process of expanding his sales, his customers changed to the merchants who were connected with the Hachioji Market. Hachioji was an important distributing centerin the South Kanto district. Newly-risen merchants (for example, Chogin), a new type of merchant compared to the older privileged merchants, were perchasing fabrics in Hachioji and distributing them nationwide. In this way, cotton fabrics produced in the Iruma district could find an expanded market through these merchants. As for the production structure of the cotton weaving industry in this district, weavers purchased cotton yarn from neighboring regions, because the production of raw cotton in the district was not enough to meet the demand. Thus the process of spinning and weaving came to be divided. After the Opening of the Ports, imported cotton yarn came to be an important source of supply. On the other hand, the scale of weavers' production was not so large, as most of the weavers produced fabrics as a cottage industry to supplement their farm income. They purchased the cotton yarn, dyed and wove them into fabrics, and then sold them to the merchants who came to their farmhouses. On the whole, they were not organized under putting-out system during the 1860's-1870's, and in fact putting out developed after the 1880's. Thus the development of the production of cotton fabric in the Iruma district was led by the local merchants and spurred on by the newly-risen merchants who developed nationwide markets, while production was done by the farmers as a sideline. It should be pointed out that there was the expansion of the nationwide market for the cotton fabric behind this development of weaving.
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  • HIROYOSHI OHMORI
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 185-221,301-30
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    A la fin du XIX^e siecle, on voit la seconde industrialisation se derouler en France, au milieu de laquelle se trouve l'industrie siderurgique. Elle connait une croissance remarquable particulierement a partir de 1895. C'est le procede Gilchrist-Thomas decouvert en 1878 qui sauve la crise metal-lurgique de la France et en meme temps qui fait surgir une mutation side-rurgique. Grace a ce procede, on reussit pour la premiere fois a proceder la fonte phosphoreuse dans le convertisseur garnise de dolomie, laquelle est fondue en abondance dans la region lorraine. En consequence, de grands etablissements metallurgiques y recherchent des gisements de minerai, demandent des concessions et ouvrent la mine. Mais ils rencontrent bien des difficultes a surmonter; d'abord la venue d'eau considerable et la rarete de la main-d'oeuvre, ce qui tarde l'exploitation miniere et d'autre part necessite un capital tres important. Une fois fonce, cependant, avec l'armement plus puissant et plus perfectionne, la mine de fer produit une extraction ascendante d'annee en annee. On fonde a cote de la mine des hauts-fourneaux, des acieries Thomas et des laminoirs avec des perfectionnements recents. Voila la <<mine-usine>> ou autrment dit <<usine complete>>. En repondant des besoins grandissants et divertissants des produits d'acier. les etablissements du fer immobilisent un fonds tres considerable pour ameliorer et renouveller les moyens de production. On edifie de nouveaux hauts-fourneaux garnis de quatre Cowpers, de forts soufllets et des tuyaux: ces annex fonctionnent bien afin de produir l'electricite a la station centrale; l'electricite se remplace a la vapeur dans l'usine et dans la mine comme l'energie. Il en resulte qu'il y a une rapide concentration a l'epoque de 1880 - 1914; concentration des puissances productives au cotes de grandes entreprises siderur-giques; concentration geographique des usines metallurgiques a l'Est de France au detriment du Centre. A la longue on compte une douzaine de Grosses Metallurgies a la veille de la 1ere Guerre mondiale principalement au Nord et en Lorraine. D'ou vient-i1, a propos, le fonds destine a l'immobilisation? Quand on jete des coups d'oeils attentifs sur les bilans de ces societes, on constate que ce qu'il faut pour immobiliser est fournit presque partout par la benefice industrielle. Voila l'autofinancement parfois supplemente par l'emission des obligations et aussi par l'augmentation du capital. La gestion severe dirigee par le conseil d'administration se realise avec fermete contre l'avidite des actionnaires. La caracteristique financiere d'autofinancement fait un bon contraste avec la fusion de capital entre la banque et <<mine-usine>> realisee en Allemagne.
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  • JUN NSHIKAWA
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 222-243,300-29
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
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    Is there any relationship between colonialism and imperialism or are they rather independent phenomena in the evolution of world economic history? Is imperialism a pure opposition to the free-trade ideology which became prevalent in England and France in the l860s? This paper tries to respond to these questions by examining major works of the colonial promoters in the early period of the Third Republic in France, Paul Leroy-Beaulieu and Jules Ferry, and shows that the possession of colonies, together with free-trade ideology, was inseparable from the naissance and development of imperialism. In the first chapter, "The French colonial policy and imperialism", three types of interpretation in the imperialist theory-capital export, political hegemony and unequal exchange -are examined. The classical interpretation of imperialism, based on the necessity of capital export, was challenged in the l970s by the latter two doctrines on imperialism. The position of colonies in the French overseas expansion in the 1870s and I880s was, in fact, not so important both on the trade and investment planes. However, after the end of the 1870s, when competition among European countries led the protectionist trend in the world Market, the colonies were considered to be more important. In the second chapter, "The colonial theory of Paul Leroy-Beaulieu", the works of this important liberal economist and influential promoter of colonial and imperialist policies of the period are analyzed. Leroy-Beaulieu advocated the necessity of establishing export-oriented plantation colonies instead of the Wakefield-type immigration colonies. Capital-export is necessary in order to assure the international division of labor based on the metropole-colony relationship. The role of the state in economic expansion was stressed in the latter editions of his "On the colonization of Modern people". In the third chapter, "Jules Ferry and his colonial policy", it is shown that Ferry's government, based on the centralists among the republican force, promoted an aggressive colonial expansion in order to assure the outlets for home manufacturing industries and to invest capital which was in surplus in the mainland: these measures were to ensure social peace in Europe. The "colonial empire", was needed. Here we find the origin of the imperialist-type of relationship between the metropolitan center and peripheral countries. Therefore, three types of interpretation of imperialism are not necessarily contradictory but, instead, capital-export, international division of labor (free-trade theory) and the political and hegemonical motives of expansion supported by the will for an egalitarian and distributive social policy in Europe, are intimately interrelated and formed the driving force of imperialist policy under the Third Republic.
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  • Juro Hashimoto
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 244-267
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 268-271
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 271-273
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 273-276
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 276-279
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 279-281
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 281-285
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 285-288
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 288-291
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 291-294
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 294-297
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
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  • Article type: Bibliography
    1986 Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 299-302
    Published: June 25, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2017
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