In Bologna, as in Florence, the people (popole) ruled the commune in the second half of the 13th century. The institutions of the popular government compelled those of the communal government to obey them. But, soon in 1327, the people of Bologna must offer the government to the signoria, while, in Florence, the government was offered to Cosimo de' Medici only in 1434. The reason of this difference may be found in the different systems of each popular government. In that of Florence, the seven arti maggiori constituted the oligarchy, but in that of Bologna, there was no oligarchy. In short, the popular government of Bologna was more democratic. So, the governmental power dispersed among the too numerous people must look for its concentration in the person of signore. Why thus democratic ? At first it must be noted that the privileged (or major) arti were only two (merchant and exchanger), because the other potential arti (e. g. judge) were suppressed by the people, after the popular revolt of 1228. Then in the second half of the 13 th century, these two lost the privileges and the superiority, when Florentine merchants and exchangers began to invade into the territories of Bologna. Still more, the armi held the equivalence with the arti in the popular government. Those, being the armed societies of the popular neighbourhood, had no relations with the profession, i. e. with the economic power, the number of the members and the social power of any professional group. To conclude, the armi opposed the appearance of the Florentine-type oligarchy.
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