SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY
Online ISSN : 2423-9283
Print ISSN : 0038-0113
ISSN-L : 0038-0113
Volume 56, Issue 6
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
  • Akemi OKAMURA
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 56 Issue 6 Pages 731-761,862
    Published: March 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    Dans les etudes de l'histoire economique de l'Europe medievale, l'utilisation des tarifs de tonlieux a connu depuis les annees 70 un progres remarquable, grace aux travaux des medievistes diriges par G. DESPY. Fondes sur une critique rigoureuse, ils ont apporte de nouvelles lumieres sur divers aspects du tonlieu et du commerce au moyen age. Le present article prend exemple sur ces travaux. Le tarif de tonlieux de Poitiers, connu sons le nom du tarif de la prevote, pose aux chercheurs nombre de difficultes d'interpretation. Nous avons essaye de les resoudre autant que possible, tirant des suggestions utiles des travaux de nos predecesseurs, notament de H. AUDOUIN et de F. FAVREAU. On peut penser que notre document decrit la plus grande partie des activites commerciales de Poitiers pour deux raisons: d'abord, sa redaction a l'initiative du comte de Poitou duquel relevaient a peu pres tous les pouvoirs dans la ville; ensuite, sa provenance dans un codex recueillant les coutumes que les maires de Poitiers devaient connaitre pour l'administration municipale. Quant a sa datation, malgre les difficultes soulevees par sa structure stratifiee, on peut dire que ce document etait en vigueur de ca.1170 au milieu du XIIIe siecle. Il ne donne pas l'origine des marchandises, dont les especes mentionnees sont pourtant nombreuses. La facon dont il est redige rend difficile une comparaison des tarifs appliques a des objets differents. Malgre ces difficultes nous pouvons certainement definir un caractere composite de l'activite commerciale a Poitiers dans laquelle nous trouvons trois categories de biens: marchandises locales sur lesquelles on n'est tenu de payer que des droits de vente assez limites, articles provenant des regions plus ou moins e1oignees sur lesquels des droits de peage plus eleves sont percus, et objets de luxe orientaux dont le tonlieux est exempte probablement pour animer les foires. Cette constatation nous permet d'estimer plus favorablement la fonction de Poitiers dans le commerce international ou interregional que nos predecesseurs, qui tendaient a la limiter au commerce regional ou local. Ce cas poitevin, typique de croisement des circulations a longue distance et locales constituera une mise en grade contre la tendance a considerer separement ces deux circuits.
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  • Miwao MATSUMOTO
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 56 Issue 6 Pages 762-790,861
    Published: March 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    This paper analyses the roles played by the Japanese Navy and the Mitsubishi Shipyard at Nagasaki in introducing the marine steam turbine into the Japanese shipbuilding industry at the turn of the 20th century. In previous studies analysing the process of heavy industrialization in Japan since the Russo-Japanese War, technological innovations, despite their avowed importance, tended to be treated, explicitly or implicitly, as given. The present paper scrutinising the process of technology transfer which enabled one of the most drastic product innovations in the shipbuilding industry to take place, will provide a valuable perspective for reconsidering the nature of the so-called Japanese "success" in the area of technology transfer. A couple of points are made : (1) The Japanese Navy played a tactical role embodying a form of rational behaviour in that it intervened in the process of prior inquiries and examination and selection of different types of technology up to their introduction after which, in contrast, it mainly let them take root by the invisible hand of the market ; (2) The Mitsubishi Shipyard at Nagasaki, by contrast, played an entrepreneur-like role irreducible to rational behaviour in that it tried to construct the first turbine ship in Japan domestically even before the Japanese Navy's actions had been completed. These two different roles formed a unique structure of technology transfer which had until then taken place through the personal network of those engineers who graduated from the Imperial University of Tokyo, and without such a structure, "late comers' advantages" could not have been effected. Thus one of the most neglected reasons for an instance of Japanese economic "success" maybe relate to the structure of technology transfer itself without which most versions of the "catch-up" theory referring to Japan as a model might lack relevance.
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  • Katsunori MIYAZAKI
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 56 Issue 6 Pages 791-811,860
    Published: March 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    The fief system of Hosogawa, who entered the fiefs of Buzen Kokura in 1600 and Higo Kumamoto in 1623, was changed in 1680 from "local fiefs" (jikata chigyo) to "stored rice fiefs" (kuramai chigyo), and in 1683 changed back to local fiefs, then in 1713 to stored rice fiefs again. In the latter half of the 17thcentury, the change from local fiefs system to "retainer's stipend" (horoku) system not only occured in Hosogawa's estate, but can be widely seen in manyother daimyo estates. Until now, the reformation of the fief system, along with such points as the development of the economy, the village structure, the relationship between the Shogunate and feudal clans (han), has been seen as a major characteristic of the establishment of the Shogunate-feudal clan (bakuhan)system. In this paper, while basing on research already done, the situations previous to the developement of the horoku system are examined. For this, by looking at the financial situation of the vassals in the 1620s, the reconstruction plan thereof, and Hosogawa's countermeasures, I hope to give an account of the fief system reform from the point of view of the vassals.
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  • Junichi HASEGAWA
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 56 Issue 6 Pages 812-834,859
    Published: March 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    Before the outbreak of the Second World War Britain had suffered the consequences of uncontrolledi ndustrial development - too highly populated built-up areas and indiscriminate sprawl of houses in the suburbs of industrial cities. Those associated with town planning called for comprehensive national planning. The state of city centres was the microcosm of the lack of such planning -inefficiency caused by traffic congestion and chaotic development of buildings of all kinds, and the absence of social amenities such as civic centres and public open spaces. But the local authorities could do very little, because, for one thing, there was no proper legislation dealing with such highly densely developed a re a s .The German air raids on several industrial cities in 1940 were thought to have provided a golden opportunity for the local authorities to set to the task of replanning city centres. The Government promised to make up the necessary legislation, and encouraged the blitzed local authorities to plan boldly and comprehensively. However, the blitzed authorities soon had to face a wave of pressure from Whitehall to subdue boldness in their city centre plans. This study, by exploring the case study of Coventry, the best-known blitzed city in Britain, alms to provide a detailed analysis of city centre replanning during te war, and, by placing it in a wider perspective, tries to bring into relief how the changes in the Government's reconstruction policies - from bold idealism to economic retreat - took place over these years.
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 56 Issue 6 Pages 835-838
    Published: March 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 56 Issue 6 Pages 838-841
    Published: March 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 56 Issue 6 Pages 841-844
    Published: March 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 56 Issue 6 Pages 844-847
    Published: March 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    Download PDF (448K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 56 Issue 6 Pages 847-849
    Published: March 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    Download PDF (353K)
  • Article type: Bibliography
    1991 Volume 56 Issue 6 Pages 859-862
    Published: March 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
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  • Article type: Index
    1991 Volume 56 Issue 6 Pages 863-869
    Published: March 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
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