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Volume 56, Issue 1
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
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Hidenao TAKAHASHIArticle type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 1-30
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSAfter the Jingo Incident, the Japanese Government took the military expansion policy and brought it into practice in 1883. But this attempt was essentially unpractical, for it implied a vast scale of military expenditure in spite of the depression days, so the government was faced with financial difficulties in 1885. As a result, the government made much of a reconstruction of the military expansion project, and the new programs centering on the Navy Loan were determined. The actual condition about the process of the reconstruction of this military expansion project was not well known. The primary objective here was to shed light upon this point. The result of this enquiry is as follows. At that time there exised a conflict between two groups inside the government. One is the group centering on INOUE Kaoru and MATSUKATA Masayoshi who favored a radical reduction of the budget and insisted on the vast reduction of the military expansion project. The other is the army circles who insisted on the further expansion of the project. Finally there reached a compromise between them, which was close to the former's insistence. The second objective of this paper is to illuminate what a historical significance the process of this reconstruction had. We made an analysis of this point in relation to the financial, political and diplomatic history.View full abstractDownload PDF (2420K) -
Seishi SUGIURAArticle type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 31-61
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSPostal savings in Japan, after sluggish years in the latter 1890s, began a period of rapid progress early in this century, i. e. the time of the Russo-Japanese War from 1904 to 1905, through the development of savings promotion policy by the Japanese government. And in 1905, during the Russo-Japanese War, postal savings reached 50 million yen. After the war this increasing trend continued, and only three years later, in 1908, postal savings exceeded 100 million yen. The postal savings system began in 1875, and during the next 30 years, including the Russo-Japanese War, it reached 50 million yen, but due to the special environment created during the war, it was only three years after the war that 50-million-yen figure doubled, to 100 million. The largest factor for this remarkable progress in the postal savings was that the Japanese government paid the national treasury disbursement to individuals, increased due to the Russo-Japanese War, throngh postal savings instead of paying in cash. Therefore, the increase in postal savings during this period was not really a reflection of direct deposits, but was rather due to political reasons. Furthermore, in order to limit drawing out from the postal savings, the Japanese government decided to continue its savings promotion policy. The main reason why the government adopted this policy was to prevent a large influx of financial funds into the industrial circulation created by the war, to avoid a rapid change in domestic demand that might have initiated a post-war economic crisis, such as rising prices, increased demand for imports, and a conversion crisis. Additionally, the Japanese government tried to strengthen the supply capacity of domestic low-productivity sectors, by limiting the use of savings produced through the savings promotion policy to productive investment. This was one political measure Japan took during this period to cope with the international balance of payments imbalance. It can be said that the development of Japanese postal savings after the Russo-Japanese War reflected the position of the Japanese economy in the world economy.View full abstractDownload PDF (2477K) -
Akihiko AMEMIYAArticle type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 62-93
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDiese Abhandlung befasst sich mit der Frage der beruflichen Ausbildung der kaufmannischen Angestellten vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg besonders im Zusam-menhang mit dem Wandel des Lehrlingswesens und der Entwicklung der Kauf-mannischen Schulen. In Deutschland wurden die Handlungsgehilfen traditionell durch das Lehrlings wesen beruflich ausgebildet. Diese deutsche Tradition, die die berufliche Ausbildung sozial institutionalisierte, erhielt sich auch nach dem Wandel des bisherigen Systems seit dem spaten 19. Jahrhundert unter einem neuen Form. Im Vergleich zu Amerika und England war dies das deutsche eigene Verhaltnis. Das kaufmannische Lehrlingswesen veranderte sich seit dem 1880er Jahren zur sog. ,,Lehrlingszuchterei". Dadurch, daB Handwerker und Arbeiter sehr viele, kleine Einzelhandelsbetrieden bildeten, daB Warenhausern und Konsumvereinen entstanden und dafB die Zahlder weiblichen Angestellten sich vermehrte, fing das traditionelle Ausbildungswesen an asuszulosen. Zeitig parallel damit entwickelten sich kaufmannische Berufsschulen. Dies was der schnellen Entwicklung der kapitalistischen Betriebsformen und cles Binnenhandels, besonders der ,,Herausbildung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Arbeitsteilung" (J. Kocka) in der damaligen Zeit entsprechend. Diese industrielle und kommerzielle Entwicklung verlangte die berufliche, fachliche Ausbildung der massenhaften Handelsangestellten erneut. Diese Nachfrage spiegelte sich in den Lehrplanen und Unterrichtsfachern (Handelskunde, Rechnen, Buchfuhrung, usw) an der damaligen kaufmannischenFachschulen. Aber auch danach beseitigte diese neue Form der beruflichen Ausbildung das traditionelle Lehrlingswesen nicht. Handelsunternehmer und mittelstandische kaufmannische Angestellten-Verbtinde interessierten sich beide sehr stark fur die Erhaltung des Lehrlingssystems, aber von einer gegeniiberstehenden Richtung aus. Die letzteren verlangten durch die Uberwachung des Lehrlingswesens und die Einrichtung der obligatorischen kaufmannischen Fortbildungsschulunterrichten das traditionelle System ins Leben zuruckzurufen. Andererseit s stellten die ersteren wegen ihres starke Interesse an der ,,Lehrlingsziichterei" den pflichtmdBigen Schulbesuch gegenuber. AuBerdem waren die beiden daruber einig, daB das Lehrlingswesen dazu beitragt, ein gemeinsames IteressenbewuBtsein zwischen Arbeitgebern und Arbeitnehmern auszubilden. Dabei wirkte das zum ,,Handelsstand" Zugehorigkeitsgefuhl fort. Das war ein Ursprung des sog. ,,dualen Systems" der kaufmannischen Berufsausbildung in Deutschland.View full abstractDownload PDF (2660K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 94-97
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (473K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 97-100
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (473K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 100-102
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (351K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 102-106
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (551K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 106-109
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (448K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 109-111
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (354K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 111-114
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (455K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 114-117
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (462K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 117-120
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (465K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 120-123
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (473K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 123-126
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (463K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 126-128
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (351K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 128-131
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (459K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 131-134
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (451K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 134-137
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (404K) -
Article type: Bibliography
1990 Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 141-144
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (162K)
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