In Japan, with the reorganization of the electric power industry of 1951 the state management introduced in 1939 was abolished, and nine privatelymanaged, regionally intgrated companies were established: Hokkaido Electric Power Co., Tohoku Electric Power Co., Tokyo Electric Power Co., Chubu Electric Power Co., Hokuriku Electric Power Co., Kansai Electric Power Co., Chugoku Electric Power Co., Shikoku Electric Power Co., and Kyushu Electric Power Co. The purpose of this paper is to trace the process in which the 9-block plan, adopted in the reorganization of 1951, was formulated. In other words, that is to specify who the opinion leader of the reorganization of Japan's electric power industry was. There were three candidates for the opinion leader: Nine Haiden Kaisha(electric distributing companies), the General Headquarters/Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers(GHQ/SCAP), and MATSUNAGA Yasuzaemon(the former president of the Toho Electric Power Co.). Of the three, Nine Haiden Kaisha completely changed their reorganization plan in 1948 from state management in reality to private management. GHQ/SCAP which made so many plans as 5-block, 7-block, 9-block and 10-block, also could not keep its own opinion consistently. On the contrary, MATSUNAGA who was the chairman of the Electric Power Industry Reorganization Council from November 1949 to February 1950, kept th 9-block plan from the beginning to the end. Therefore, it may safely be said that MATSUNAGA was the opinion leader of the reorganization of Japan's Electric Power Industry of 1951, though the commonly accepted theory emphasizes the role of GHQ/SCAP. This paper is based mainly on the GHQ/SCAP Papers in the Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland, U.S.A., and KOIKE Shinzo Papers in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Tokyo, Japan. KOIKE was the Chief of the Electric Power Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the export regulation of potteries from 1933 to 1936. The barter system and import quota system were adopted extensively after the collapse of the gold standard. Japanese export was rapidly developed in the 1930's. When the other countries imposed import restriction, the export association of Japan regulated the quantity of export and alloted it to the exporters. It was complicated to regulate the pottery export to Dutch India because of the competition between the Japanese and the Dutch importers. The pottery export association of Nagoya controlled the pottery export to Dutch India. As a result, the government of Dutch India repealed the pottery import restriction. In the case of export to the United States, the pottery export associations controlled the lowest price on purpose to prevent the import restriction. But these export regulations which the pottery exporters took the leadership in carrying out was inconsistent with the interests of pottery manufacturers. Therefore the export and the manufacture associations were confronted with each other. When the pottery export associations imposed export regulations to cope with the barter system, it was proposed to compensate the import industries for their losses. The export regulations were the new order of the international trade after the gold standard. In Japan, since this imposition was at odds with the interests of each industry, it differed from the regulations of the home market by a cartel. The controlled economy in the early 1930's had two purposes. First, it was to get over the panic by means of the regulation of demand and supply in the home market. Secondly it was to cope with the new order of the international trade after the gold standard. So, the controlled econymy in the early 1930's shuld be distinguished from the wartime economy in the latter half of the 1930's.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the account books of the Dutch factory at Deshima in Japan which cover the period from 1641 to 1805, and to clarify how to calculate the actual figures of the Japanese-Dutch trade. It is well known that the Dutch East India Company(Vercenigde Nederlandsche Oost Indische Compagnie) conducted trade with Japan during the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1609, the company established a factory at Hirado which, in 1641, was ordered to move to Deshima. In both factories the Dutch merchants kept their account books according to the Italian system of book-keeping. These books recorded the quality, quantity and price of the goods imported, exported and negotiated with the Japanese merchants. At present, thse account books-for example, the ledgers(Negotie Grootboeken) and journals(Negotie Journaalen)-are preserved in the Netherlands Public Record Office(Algemeen Rijksarchief) in the Hague. In the past, Oskar NACHOD and other scholars in Japan have made use of these archival materials for their analysis of the management of the Dutch factory in Japan. However, because they did not understand the bookkeeping system of the Dutch factory, the results of their circulations concerning the volume of the trade between Japan and the Dutch East India Company are not precise. This paper tries to clarify the bookkeeping and accounting system used at Deshima, taking the records of the year 1642 to present a case study of the system of double entry bookkeeping, branch accounting, i.e. the relationships between the main office at Batavia and the branch offices of Deshima, Taiwan and Tonkin, the "closing" of the books etc., and intends to correct the results of the calculations by O. NACHOD and other scholars. The above mentioned commercial records give a detailed picture of the yearly trade between Japan and the Dutch East India Company, but we can nort understand the exact volume recorded in them, unless we have a clear idea of the way in which they were organized.

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