SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY
Online ISSN : 2423-9283
Print ISSN : 0038-0113
ISSN-L : 0038-0113
Volume 58, Issue 4
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
  • Chris Wilson, [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 411-433
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
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  • Hliroomi TAKAHASHI
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 434-468
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    In China, copper was a unitary main currency until the Northern Sung period. First, it was issued not as means of payment for the foreign trade but for domestic use in China. In the North of China, since the latter half of the Chin period, it began to decrease because of monetary policy to circulate paper money and its devaluation. With the fall of the Chin, copper currency disappeared. After the Chin's fall, the North of China came under the Mongol empire's rule, and was included into the currency system of West Asia and Europe. The Mongol empire levied silver from the North of China in order to trade with the Islamic world which used gold and silver as main currencies, and spent part of silver on state expenses within China. Paper money was also issued by the empire, but the issue was not permanent, and only small amounts are used in limited districts. The main currency in China under the Mongol rule was paper money issued by local lords. Khubilai succeeded to the throne, and the North of China was separated from the Mongol empire. It was inevitable for the Khubilai regime to issue more money and to circulate it throughout the country permanently in order to meet the demand of currency. However, Khubilai could not issue silver as main currency to China. For the Khubilai regime, the best way was to use copper that had long been used by the past dynasties. But at that time in the North of China, few copper cash was in circulation and the copper itself was lacking. Moreover, the cost of mintage was high. Thus the Khubilai regime, considering great demand for local lords' paper money, issued the Jiao Chao and the Zhong Tong Chao. In conclusion, the Zhong Tong Chao was a substitute currency of copper coins.
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  • Takashi IIDA
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 469-500
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
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    Der preuBische Adel, die junker, wurde in der Nachkriegszeit sowohl von der Sozialgeschichtsforschung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland als auch von der Writschaftsgeschichtsschreibung der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik als ein zentraler Faktor, der den Weg der modernen deutschen Geschichte("Sonderweg" oder "preuBischer Weg") bereitet hatte, beachtet. In Japan wurden die Junker wirtschaftsgeschitlich hauptsachlich im Rahmen des Ubergangs von der feudalen Gutsherrschaft zum kapitalistischen junkerlichen Betrieb thematisiert, wobei ihr Verhaltnis der Klassenherrschaft zu den Bauern oder den landlichen Arbeitern(Instleuten) als zentrales Problem betrachtet wurde. Diese Abhandlung hingegen behandelt sozialgeschichtlich den Charakter des ostelbisch-preuBischen Adels als eine Standesgruppe im 18. Jahrhundert im Vergleich zum nordwestdeutsch-westfalischen Asel. Im Furstbistum Munster in Westfalen, wo in der Fruhen Neuzeit ein fester Standestaat entstand, bildete der Adel einen hochst geschlossenen Stand; die strenge Ahnenprobe, der Adelsnachweis von auBen sicherte seine Exklusivitat als Geburtsadel und sein autonomes "Haus" realisierte von innen vermittels zweckdienlicher Familienordnungen erfolgreich die Bildung eines ausschlieBenden Heiratskreises und monopolisierte seine Ritterguter und Amter erblich. In PreuBen hingegen, wo nach dem DreiBigjanrigen Krieg ein starker absolutistischer Staat entstand, bildete der Adel einen relativ offenen Stand. Er verschmolz mit dem vom Konig wegen. seiner Verdienste nobilitierten Briefadel, d.h. nichtadligen Beamten oder Offizieren und entwickelte sich u.a. als Offiziersstand zu einem dem Staat loyal dienenden Berufsstand. AuBerdem drangen die wohlhabenden Burger in die Rittergutsbesitzerklasse ein, weil das adlige "Haus" mangels zweckdienlicher Familienordnungen groBe Schuldenberge akkumuliert hatte und seine Ritterguter zu verkaufen gezwungen war. Es ist bemerkenswert, daB im ostelbischen Gebiet, wo die Sozialstruktur nach der bisherigen japanischen Wirtschaftsgeschichtsforschung feudal ruckstandiger als im westelbischen Gebiet war, der Adel als standesgruppe scheinbar paradoxerweise schneller in FluB kam. Und gerade diese Auflosungserscheinungen der Standesstruktur fuhrten in PreuBen ein deutliches Anschwellen der Staatesgewalt herbei.
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  • Naobi ONODERA
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 501-521
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
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    This paper analyses the role uji played in the formation of the state in ancient Japan. It has been argued that the Japanese ancient state was formed in the process from a blood relationship-based socuty to a commanity-based one. However, a social organisation called uji or ujizoku had been so strong that it continued to function even in the period from the fifth century to the end of the Nara era. Indeed, the use of the family name was a cornerstone of the whole ritsuryo bureaucracy-a ranking system and promotion procedures were administered on the uji principle. The ritsuryo administration was controlled by higher-rank uji, and various promotion policies kept the uji system intact. This remained unchanged throughout the Nara era. It should be pointed out, moreover, that common people were not rigidly streamed into a clan-tribe structure. All this suggests that the conventional theory is not tenable. In view of the fact that the social and administrative organisation in ancient Japan was based largely on the ujizoku, Japan's ancient state system should be called 'ujizokusei kokka'(ujizoku-based state).
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 522-524
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 524-526
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 527-529
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 529-531
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 531-534
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 534-536
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
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    Download PDF (385K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 536-539
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
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    Download PDF (487K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 539-542
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 542-546
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 546-549
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 549-551
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 551-555
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS
    Download PDF (544K)
  • Article type: Bibliography
    1992 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 560-562
    Published: November 25, 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
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