SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY

The Dissolution of the Landlord System and the Development of the Saga Porcelain Monopsony

Mariko YAMAGATA

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 2 Pages 203-231,346
Published: July 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.2_203

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Hizen wares, widely known today as 'Koimari', were manufactured mainly at Arita in the domain of Saga and had a high reputation. Between the mid-17th and mid-18th centuries they were exported in large quantities to Europe and to other parts of Asia through Dejima in Nagasaki by the Dutch East India Company. At that time Hizen-ware industry already at the manufacture stge, obtained funds and materials from the local porcelain traders. Porcelain traders in Imari and Arita used their resulting wealth to buy up land, becoming 'parasitic landlords', deepening the misery of the lower class peasants In the 1st year of Tempo, the domain, being in great financial difficulties, embarked on a policy of economic reform known as the 'Saga-han Tempo kaikaku'. The kernel of this policy, the 'Kinden' system involved the confiscation of land from the 'Parasitic Landlords', through the separation of agriculture and commerce. This system strengthened the productive base of agriculture and guaranteed a stable income from land taxes for the domain. It is commonly accepted that it was this system which enabled Saga to become an influential domain(yuhan) at the end of the Edo era. However, a close examination reveals that the system did not in fact lead to any significant increase in land taxes. This being so, what was the real aim of this policy? At the same time as the 'Kinden' system, Saga-han established a monopsony in porcelain. Up till now, the income from this monopsony has tended to be underestimated. The aim of this article is to examine the relationaship between the 'Kinden' system and the policy of industrial development, represented by the monopsony in porcelains in the political reforms carried out in the domain of Saga at the end of Edo era.

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The Resistance to Agricultural Modernization in China : A Case Study based on the Zhejiang Silkworm Egg Improvement Campaign of the 1920s and 1930s

Saiichi BEN'NO

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 2 Pages 232-261,345
Published: July 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.2_232

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the reasons for the different reactions among rural silk producers in Zhejiang and Jiangsu to agricultural modernization in the 1920s and 1930s:peasants in Zhejiang resisted improved silkworm eggs and continued to rear indigenous eggs, while those in Jiangsu pushed on with reforms. Why were the reactiosns in these two areas to the improved eggs different? In this paper, the causes are investigated from two perspectives:thosse who promoted the introduction of the improved silkworm eggs and those who rejected them. In Jiangsu, the processes of silk reeling and sericulture were separated. Sericulture in Jiangsu began to develop after the appearance of a modern silk industry in Shanghai. Jiangsu's peasants produced improved cocoons in order to provide the finer silk needed by modern filatures. On the other hand, in Zhejiang, the processes of silk reeling and sericulture were integrated and it was sericulture and siliworm egg production with were separated. Zhejiang's peasants did not produce cocoons for modern filatures, but silk reeling within the domestic production unit.

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Landarbeiter und Dorfgemeinde in der Endphase der Weimarer Republik : anderer Aspekt im Aufkommen des Nationalsozialismus auf dem Land

Yoshihiro ADACHI

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 2 Pages 262-290,344
Published: July 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.2_262

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Wenn man frage, warum der Nationalsozialismus starke Resonanz auf den bauerliche Dorfgemeinden fand, ist es ofters zu finden, daB in bisherigen Studien erst Bauern in der Agrarkrise beachtet geworden ist. In dieser Arbeit richte ich aber meine Aufmerksamkeit nicht auf Bauern, sondern auf Landarbeiter, besonders ortslose Wanderarbeiter. Hier kann man analysiert sehen uber Arbeitsmarkts-verhaltnisse, Tarifvertragsstreit, Drescharbeiterstreik, und politischen Zwischenfall in Dithmarschen/Holstein, das als eines der originaren Gegenden der 'Landvolkbewegung' bekannt ist. Seit dem Ende 19. Jahrhunderts gab es in Dithmarschen ein offenen Arbeitsmarkt fur Tagelohner, in dem die Bauern nach ihrem Bedurfnis die Arbeiter einfach einstellen und einlassen konnten und daraufhin der Arbeitskontrakt sehr unsicher und kurzzeitig waren. In der Agrarkrise fuhrte es aber zu einer unerwarteten Lage, daB viele Fremden sowie Arbeitslosen in den hiesigen Erntearbeitsmarkt hereinkamen. Das bestimmte im groBen und ganzen auch politische Orientierung in diesen Gegend. Obwohl DLV hier nicht Erfolg hatte, einen umfassenden landwirtschaftlichen Tarifvertrag mit dem Bauernbund zu schleBen, konnte er einen Teil von Deicharbeitern, die auch daneben als einheimische Erntearbeiter verdient hatten, gut organisiern. Das bedeutet aber, daB er an die Idee von Arbeitsverpflichtung teilnahm, die gleich der durch Behorde durchgefuhrten Arbeitsmarkts- und Sozialversicherungspolitik zugrunde lag. Im Gegensatz dazu sahen die sogenannte 'Monarchen', die hier orslose Wanderarbeiter waren und sich als ungelehrte Drescharbeiter mit den Erntearbeiten beschaftigten, den Landbewohnern 'Arbeitsscheue' aus. Das ist im Verlauf des Drescharbeitersstreiks 1931 gut zu beobachten. Da die Wanderarbeiter auch Anhanger der hiesigen Kommunisten waren, konnten wir beide als Randgruppe auf dem Land ansehen. Wenn man den Zwischenfall zwischen Nazis und Kommunisten in Wohrden 1929 betrachtet, ware es zu behaupten, daB Landbewohner Antipathie gegen 'Monarchen' in Alltagsleben allmahlich bestarkten und dann durch die Identifizierung mit Kommunisten den Nazis ihre Unterstutzung gewahrten.

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Emigration and Agriculture in Calabria in the Period of the 'Grand Exodus'

Akeo KITAMURA

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 2 Pages 291-319,343
Published: July 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.2_291

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From the 1870s to the beginning of the First World War, numerous emigrants left Calabria, southern Italy, for the American countries. A large number of them were young single men who had worked in the agrarian sector in Italy. This article examinens the causes of the peasant emigration and its effects on rural areas in Calabria, using emigration statistics and contemporary surveys of agrarian inquiries. The emigration began in the northern part of the mountains of Calabria. Tha peasants of these areas traditionally participated in a subsistence economy supplemented by domestic industry and seasonal employment, especially in the plains, where the cereal latifondo was under cultivation. But when the decline in domestic industry and the consequent decrease in employment opportunities was accelerated by the agrarian crisis of the 1880s, many peasants were compelled to emigrate abroad as an alternative to traditional employment. Most emigrants eventually returned home and purchased a piece of lands. This disproves the contention that the emigration led to a general proletarialization of the peasants. While returnees with a lot of savings were able to become independent farmers, those who had not saved enough were forced to emigrate again, often permanently. In this way, the emigration charged the traditional subsistence economy and polarized the peasant structure of the area.

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 2 Pages 320-322
Published: July 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.2_320

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 2 Pages 323-326
Published: July 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.2_323

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 2 Pages 326-329
Published: July 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.2_326

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 2 Pages 329-332
Published: July 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.2_329

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 2 Pages 333-335
Published: July 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.2_333

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 2 Pages 335-338
Published: July 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.2_335

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1993 Volume 59 Issue 2 Pages 338-340
Published: July 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.2_338

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Bibliography
1993 Volume 59 Issue 2 Pages 343-346
Published: July 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20624/sehs.59.2_343

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