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Volume 60, Issue 1
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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Ryoichi MIWAArticle type: Article
1994 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 1-9,182
Published: May 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSThere have been various researches dealing with the economic consequence of World War II. We, however, have not come to any decided conclusion about the overall effects of the war upon the history of the modern economic system. In the historical analysis of the consequence of the war, its effects upon the history of socio-economic formations, capitalism, world economy and national economies should be scrutinized. The War brought an expansion of the communist bloc. The socio-economic formation based on socialism seemed to be established as a successor to capitalism in economic history. Though the failure of socialism has become clear now, the impact of the expansion of socialism was great in the postwar decades. In the course of the development of capitalism, generally speaking, World War II occurred at an early stage of the so-called modern capitalism or state monopoly capitalism. The wartime economy and its aftermath seem to have accelerated the transformation of capitalism into the matured stage of modern capitalism, introducing various sophisticated measures of economic policies. As for the effect on world economy, the War decisively promoted the transition from the period of so-called Pax Britannica to that of Pax Americana. The effects on the historical development of national economies are varied according to circumstances. Throughout the wartime economic mobilization, each national economy underwent remarkable changes in industrial structure, technology, business system, labour-management relations, capital accumulation system, as well as economic policy measures. And these changes successively had large influence upon the postwar structure of each national economy. This session aims at making a comparative study of the effects of the War upon the history of national economies paying special attention to business system and labour-management relations.View full abstractDownload PDF (827K) -
Tetsuji OKAZAKIArticle type: Article
1994 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 10-40,181
Published: May 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSThis paper offers an institutional analysis of the Japanese war economy from 1937 to 1945. I focus on how a basic task common to every economic system, that is to coordinate the activities of a large number of agents, was achieved in the Japanese war economy. How was information communicated, and what incentive systems were introduced to motivate people? The Japanese government intended to carry out the task in a centralized manner. In other words the government tried to transform the Japanese economic system into a centralized planned economy in order to concentrate resources on the military sector. For this purpose several important institutional reforms were put into practice. One aspect of those reforms was related to the communication of information. The control associations (toseikai), the main bank system, and the subcontract system respectively made government-firm, bank-firm, and inter-firm communication effective. The other aspect was related to the corporate governance structure. The prewar Japanese firms were very similar to Anglo-Saxon capitalistic firms. The shareholders were owners of the firms in a literal sense, and the employees did not have any commitment to the firms. The wartime reforms restricted the rights of shareholders and firms came to have cooperative characteristics. In the last stages of the war the government was obliged to accept a more decentralized economic system. Profit was approved officially as an incentive system and the role of shop-floor decision making increased. In the process of decentralization, the bank-firm and inter-firm communication systems were reinforced and continued to function in the postwar period as the institutional basis for economic reconstruction and growth.View full abstractDownload PDF (2480K) -
Tetsuji KAWAMURAArticle type: Article
1994 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 41-80,180
Published: May 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSThis paper investigates the effects of World War II on the postwar U. S. corporate system and labor relatiorls. World War II was the crucial bridge between the Great Depression of the 1930s and the postwar era of sustained growth. The structural transformations which occurred in response to the exigenciees of the war became the major pillars of the postwar economy. This paper examines the characteristics of the U.S. war-time industrial mobilization system and the central features of these changes. It is argued that the most salient feature was the creation of the war-time "military industrial complex". This complex became the driving force for the changes in the organization and operation of the U.S. economy during the war. These changes can be roughly grouped into four categories: First, the conversion of the key heavy and chemical industries into war production promoted the development and diffusion of mass-production techniques. Second, the government financed and promoted an expansion of production facilities and infrastructure that considerably increased the nation's production capacity and industrial basis. This was especially true in the case of big firms in key industries. Third, the war-time, production-control and price-control mechanisms, as well as war production itself, depended upon "Big Business." This strengthened their corporate power and increased economic concentration. Fourth, wartime labor relations incorporated the major elements of the underlying historical changes of the 1930s arld thereby prepared the postwar labor-management framework. World War II had two major effects on the formation of the postwar corporate system. First, the war accelerated the establishment of the postwar "matured oligopoly regime" in key industries. Second, it set forth what would become the "standard" pattern in organizing labor relations in the postwar era.View full abstractDownload PDF (3089K) -
Terushi HARAArticle type: Article
1994 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 81-118,179
Published: May 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSThe French war economy is characterized by the fact that the country was not independent but occupied by Germany. In this article, the author tries to identify some characteristics of the occupation economy during the war. In the first section, two aspects of the occupation economy are analysed and described. First, the way in which German military and civil organizatiorls worked to exploit the French economy. Second, the fact that, according to the statistical data (indices of industrial production, prices, wages, profits and so on), during the occupation the activities of the French economy were reduced by half. In the second section, the legislative and institutional aspects of the occupied economy become the focus of study. The first half of this section analyses the five major laws passed to organize the war economy in the industrial sector. Then the organization of the agricultural, banking and handicraft industries is studied using contemporary publications. In the latter half of the section the author describes the establishment of the Delegation Generale a l'EquiPement National. He concludes that there is a discontinuity between this and the post-liberation Monet Plan. Comites d'Organizations were important in the organisation of French industries during the war, so the third section is devoted to them. After verifying their structure and management, the author studies three specific cases (C.O.A., C.O.B.T.P, C.O.M.A.). It is concluded that these Comites d'Organizations were mainly tools to enable the Geman occupiers to exploit French industrial capacity. In the last chapter, the organisation of workers is studied, through an analysis of the charte de travail. Finally, the author concludes that the French war economy did not build the foundations of the rapid economic growth after the liberation.View full abstractDownload PDF (2889K) -
Hisashi YANOArticle type: Article
1994 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 119-148,178
Published: May 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDie vorliegende Arbeit, die sich mit der Problematik Unternehmen-Arbeit in Deutschland wahrend des Zweiten Weltkrieges beschaftigt, legt das Schwergewicht darauf, die wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Folgeerscheinungen des Massenarbeitseinsatzes von Fremdarbeitern zu betrachten. Wahrend es der deutschen Rustungsindustrie gelang, ihre Produktion von Flugzeugen, Waffen und Munition sowie Panzern zu erhohen, wurde die Herstellung der Produktionsbasisindustrie, auf deren Grund die Endproduktion der Rustungsindustrie ermoglicht werden sollte, vernachlassigt. Diese einseitige Hervorhebung der Rustungsendprodukte wurde durch die Reorganisierung der Rustungswirtschaft ab 1942 nicht grundsatzlich verandert, was zur Differenzierung der Retionalisierung des Produktionsprozesses fuhrte. Die Bedeutung von Fremdarbeitern war jedoch fur die Industrie recht unterschiedlich. In der Rustungsindustrie, deren Produktionsprozeβ rationalisiert werden konnte, wurden die produktionstechnischen Bedingungen fur den Massenarbeitseinsatz von Fremdarbeitern gesichert. Im Gegensatz dazu hatte die Produktionsbasisindustrie, die ihren Produktionsprozeβ nicht rationalisieren konnte, keine produktionstechnische Bedingungen dafur. Hier entstanden die wirtschaftlichen Probleme, insbesondere die Minderung der Arbeitsleistung von Fremdarbeitern, wenn auch ihr Anteil nicht hoch war. Mit der unterschiedlichen Bedeutung der Raionalisierung hing nicht nur die Problematik der Arbeitsleistung von Fremdarbeitern, sondern auch die Unterdruckungs-und Disziplinierungsmaβnahmen zusammen. Die Fremdarbeiter, die die Zwangsarbeit unter dem Terror von SS/Gestapo durchfuhren muβten, waren in die inner-und auβerbetrieblichen Bestrafungsmechanismen eingegliedert. Zwischen beiden Bestrafungsmechanismen standen z.B. der "Werkschutz" und die "Arbeitserziehungslager", deren Aufgabe darin lag, vor allem Fremdarbeiter zu disziplinieren und dadurch ihre Arbeitsleistung zu erhohen. Die zweite Halfte des Krieges, in der gerade die Erhohung der Arbeitsleistung von Fremdarbeitern als unentbehrlich galt, ist durch die Verscharfung und Differenzierung der Unterdruckungs-und Disziplinierungsmaβnahmen charakterisiert.View full abstractDownload PDF (2378K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1994 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 149-158
Published: May 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (851K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1994 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 159-174
Published: May 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (1243K) -
Article type: Bibliography
1994 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 176-182
Published: May 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (263K)
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