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Volume 61 (1995)
- Issue 6 Pages 715-
- Issue 5 Pages 567-
- Issue 4 Pages 427-
- Issue 3 Pages 283-
- Issue 2 Pages 137-
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Volume 61, Issue 3
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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Makoto KASUYAArticle type: Article
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 283-313,426
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSThis paper aims to analyze the business activities of Mitsui Bussan Kaisha (hereafter MBK) in its founding period, 1876-1893. Commonly accepted views are as follows : (1) Until the first half of 1880s MBK mainly dealt as a purveyor for the Japanese government, acquiring business know-how in the process. (2) In the 1890s it shifted its business activities from government-related ones, dealing in rice and blankets, to non-government related ones, dealing in coal, cotton and machines. (3) MBK kept turning a profit except in 1881. (4) In this way MBK grew from a purveyor to a modern trading company. However, these facts do not mean that MBK's business activities progressed satisfactorily in the period under consideration. In the mid-1880s it accumulated bad assets, mainly in London and Shanghai. It had to write them off by retaining the profit relating to its own ships and trading, and delaying the depreciation of its ships. In the beginning of the 1890s, it accumulated bad assets once again in the form of mines and fisheries in Hokkaido. It had to write them off by transferring the capital which it had been setting aside from profits since its establishment. In this process, the foreign branches in London and Shanghai, which MBK had established at great expense in the 1880s, made a large contribution to the company by trading in many kinds of goods. The London branch in particular, located at the center of world trade, was to become essential to MBK' s development from the second half of the 1890s.View full abstractDownload PDF (2338K) -
Hisami MATSUZAKIArticle type: Article
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 314-343,425
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSThe textile industry of Japan improved its productivity by using power looms from the latter half of the Meiji Era. This improvement changed the consumption of textile goods in the Taisho Era. The aim of this article is firstly to describe the function of the brokers in Isesaki who sent their district's products to the big city markets. Secondly, I would like to analyze how the growth in productivity affected the market as well as the activities of wholesalers and retailers. The commission which the brokers received was raised several times in this period. This rise has been attributed to the oligopolistic structure of the broker's market, but this claim needs further examination. The third aim is to trace the activities of the brokers historically. They started dealing in the Edo Era, but we can assume their function changed overtime. The last objective is to clarify a basic principle of economic activity which affects the future choices of our society. The results of this investigation reveal that a combination of many factors led to great changes in the structure of the market. The rational behavior of entrepreneurs to seek the highest profit might have destroyed these traditional factors in society. This finding leads us to the important conclusion that the entrepreneurs in the district should have followed the principle of respecting regional welfare as well as the principle of profit maximization.View full abstractDownload PDF (2342K) -
Susumu ISHIIArticle type: Article
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 344-375,424
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSJapan succeeded in establishing both heavy and chemical industries in the postwar period. This was a result of the rapid expansion of the domestic market, the existence of a competitive market environment and other favorable factors. However progress was anything but smooth in the early stages, and important difficulties occurred frequently. Between 1953 and 1954, Japan came up against balance of payments difficulties. Moreover, because export and domestic demand had stagnated, it became difficult to realize economies of scale, particularly in the steel and machinery industries. Therefore, prices in these industries were higher than international standards. This had an adverse effect on the international competitiveness of Japanese industry, and also made it difficult to expand domestic demand. In short, the Japanese steel and machinery industries were stagnating because supply and demand restricted each other. The situation seen in 1953-54 was a critical point in the process of import-substitute industrialization. The bad cycle mentioned above was particularly evident in the iron an steel industries. Government and the trade associations thought of varlous counter measures, including a search for new markets, reorganization of the industry, and export promotion. But friction occurred between them when it came to their execution. It was export promotion by means of subsidies that was the most effective. Because of this, and an improvement in worldwide business conditions, Japanese exports rapidly increased after the second half of 1954. The balance of payments therefore improved, and the bad cycle of supply and demand disappeared. Japan had entered an era of high economic growth. The policies executed by government and industry were effective because thorough execution made their merits and demerits clear,View full abstractDownload PDF (2486K) -
Tatsuyuki KARASAWAArticle type: Article
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 376-394,423
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSBy comparison with the amount of research on population mobility between town and country, relatively little work has been done on the urban population turnover in pre-industrial England. This article examines the turnover of households and the social composition of St. Peter's of Mancroft, a parish in late seventeenth-century Norwich. It compares two hearth tax returns of 1666 and 1671 in order to measure the turnover rate, and uses the register of freemen of the city to identify households which appear in the hearth tax return of 1666, and consider how such variables as wealth, occupation, sex, and freeman status affected the turnover of households. Of the 168 households which paid hearth tax in 1666, 64 per cent were still in the parish in 1671. This suggests that the city had a stable population. But few households remained in the city for over two generations. Of the variables which affected population turnover, wealth was the most important. The rich households were more stable than the poor. But the other independent variables also affected the turnover. Relatively wealthy worsted weavers were less stable than the others. Male householders were more stable than female ones. And those who were admitted to the freedom of the city were more stable than those not admitted. Overall, relatively wealthy freemen were more stable than non-freemen. In conclusion, it seems clear that population turnover should be linked to the wider socio-economic situation in which households lived. There were two kinds of household in the city : stable ones and mobile ones. This finding calls for further investigations into the social relations of town residents.View full abstractDownload PDF (1493K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 395-397
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (358K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 397-400
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (444K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 400-402
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (337K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 402-405
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (447K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 405-408
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (461K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 408-410
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (356K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 410-413
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (448K) -
R.J. MorrisArticle type: Article
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 413-415
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (364K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 415-417
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (342K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 418-420
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (318K) -
Article type: Bibliography
1995 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 423-426
Published: September 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: June 24, 2017
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSDownload PDF (163K)
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