生活衛生
Online ISSN : 1883-6631
Print ISSN : 0582-4176
ISSN-L : 0582-4176
53 巻, 2 号
選択された号の論文の4件中1~4を表示しています
総説
  • ―最近の研究事例から―
    山崎 一夫
    2009 年 53 巻 2 号 p. 79-89
    発行日: 2009/04/30
    公開日: 2009/05/08
    ジャーナル フリー
    The study of plant-mediated herbivore-herbivore interactions is a central theme in community ecology and has lately undergone great development. However, there are many unresolved patterns, the factors determining the patterns are unclear, and indirect effects that need to be taken into account for biodiversity conservation and pest management receive less attention. Focusing on these issues, the present study reviews five case studies of plant-mediated herbivore-herbivore interactions. In the first, leaf traits and gall-feeding insects are found to be important factors affecting the plant-species use of the Phyllocolpa sawfly, which induces leaf-roll galls on Salix plants. The second suggests that, since the gall-parasitic flea weevil Orchestes hustachei feeds obligately on leaf pouch galls induced by aphids on Zelkova serrata trees, and since the weevil may conceivably have evolved as a gall-feeder (cecidophage) from a leafminer, gall formation may have affected the evolution of feeding habits in this insect. The third proposes that, as bacterium galls on wisteria trunks are used by a wide array of arthropods, and as gall size correlates positively with the number of arthropod species and individuals, the plant-pathogenic bacterium increases arthropod diversity via gall induction. The fourth finds that, although the leafminer Ectoedemia sp. induces early leaf abscission in the evergreen oak in early spring and can then complete its development in the fallen leaves, the sika deer preying on the mined leaves on the ground results in considerable mortality for the leafminer. The fifth finds that, after the cicada Cryptotympana facialis emerges in the urban parks of Osaka, Japan, in midsummer, many flower chafers, ants, and wasps feed, possibly for intake of water and minerals, on the xylem sap exuding from the cicada feeding sites. These studies show that herbivores with different feeding habits - gallers, leafminers and sap-suckers - induce different trait changes in trees, resulting in different plant-mediated herbivore-herbivore interactions. Study thereof provides a range of pointers for pest management and biodiversity conservation.
報文
  • 濱田 信夫
    2009 年 53 巻 2 号 p. 90-99
    発行日: 2009/04/30
    公開日: 2009/05/08
    ジャーナル フリー
    The extent of fungal contamination in washing machines was compared between those models, increasingly common in recent years, that are fitted with a heat-based drying device, which were sub-divided into drum-type and vertical type models, and those not fitted with such devices (dryerless models). Samples of washing water containing detergent and of rinsing water were collected from 137 washing machines for examination of fungal count and flora. Fungal contamination was found frequently in all types of washing machine; the average mold count in the washing water of drum-type washing machines was 24.0 cfu/ml, or about half that in the dryerless models. However, fungal contamination in washing machines in which the drying device was used once a week or less was significantly higher than in those in which it was used several times a week or daily. Moreover, daily drying operation of as little as 15 minutes seemed to be effective in suppressing fungal contamination.
    Although Exophiala, Phoma, Scolecobasidium and Phialophora, which use detergent as nutrient, are predominant in all types of washing machine, Acremonium, Alternaria and Penicillium, common in house dust, were found more frequently in washing machines with than in those without drying devices.
    Fungal contamination in new washing machines was more often detected in those with drying devices than in dryerless washing machines, and, unlike in models of the latter type, average mold count in washing machines with dryers was similar regardless of length of use.
    Fungal contamination in dryerless models was identified more frequently from the presence of suspended dirt in the washing water than from the smell when the lid was opened, but the reverse applied with drum-type models.
    The effect of environmental factors on fungal contamination was compared between the two types of washing machine. A number of factors related to moisture, for example the frequency of washing and the floor level, seemed to have a greater effect on dryerless than on drum-type models. Apart from these environmental factors, the form of drying treatment is thought to affect the level of fungal contamination in washing machines with drying devices. The paper also discusses methods of controlling fungal contamination in washing machines with drying devices.
  • 鈴木 克也, 小山 直人, 助川 英治, 篠田 幸彦, 栢原 孝志, 前田 和俊, 山本 卓
    2009 年 53 巻 2 号 p. 100-109
    発行日: 2009/04/30
    公開日: 2009/05/08
    ジャーナル フリー
    To evaluate the safety in humans of a dietary supplement consisting of safflower seed extract (active components: serotonin hydroxycinnamic acid amides), we carried out a high dose administration trial in a placebo-controlled randomized double-blind fashion. Forty healthy subjects, 20 males and 20 females, received 6 capsules of the extract (serotonin derivative aglycones: 210mg/day) or the same amount of placebo diet once a day for 4 weeks. This amount of serotonin derivative aglycones is three times the dose which previously showed significant reduction of vascular age as estimated by a second derivative of photoplethysmogram aging index. The overall results for vital signs and plasma and urine tests in response to the high-dose intake of serotonin derivatives were not-significantly different between the two groups. Although there were some statistically significant changes in the laboratory data, all were clinically insignificant and within physiological ranges. During the supplementation period, some subjective and objective symptoms were reported; however, these were transient and minor, and no significant difference in occurrence was found between the two groups. In conclusion, safflower seed extract dietary supplement is considered to be safe at least up to an intake level of 6 capsules a day for 4 weeks (serotonin derivative aglycones 210mg/day).
資料
  • 阿部 仁一郎
    2009 年 53 巻 2 号 p. 110-116
    発行日: 2009/04/30
    公開日: 2009/05/08
    ジャーナル フリー
    Plerocercoid, generally known as one of the larval forms of the Pseudophyllidea cestode, was found in the body cavities of the Japanese smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus nipponensis. The larva was analyzed genetically to identify the species. Homology searching of the partial ribosomal RNA (rRNA, 1,238 bp) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1, 428 bp) gene sequences, obtained using the FASTA program, showed that the sequences of the larva had 98.3% and 98.5% identity, respectively, with those of Diphyllobothrium ditremum. The larva was also grouped with D. ditremum according to molecular phylogenetic analysis of the cox1 sequence (393 bp), so that the larva from the Japanese smelt appeared genetically to be D. ditremum. However, Diphyllobothrium plerocercoids have already been detected in Japanese surf smelt and olive rainbow smelt and assigned the new species name D. hottai based on the morphological and biological differences between the isolates from the two species of smelt and D. ditremum. Since the sequence data of D. hottai remains unavailable, it was not possible to make a genetic comparison of the plerocercoid found in the Japanese smelt and D. hottai. The present report highlights problems in differentiating morphologically or biologically similar Diphyllobothrium species.
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