生活衛生
Online ISSN : 1883-6631
Print ISSN : 0582-4176
ISSN-L : 0582-4176
54 巻, 4 号
選択された号の論文の7件中1~7を表示しています
総説
  • ―腸管凝集接着性大腸菌耐熱性腸管毒素(EAST1)遺伝子保有大腸菌―
    涌嶋 三津子, 王 麗麗, 日高 あゆみ, 藤原 佐美, 中島 涼, 石 娟娟, 西川 禎一
    2010 年 54 巻 4 号 p. 271-284
    発行日: 2010/10/30
    公開日: 2010/11/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    Escherichia coli is a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract in humans and warm-blooded animals; however, certain strains cause enteric disease in their hosts and are referred to as diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC). Based on distinct epidemiological and clinical features, specific virulence determinants, and other characteristic markers such as enterotoxins and adherence phenotype, DEC strains have been classified into the following six pathotypes: enteropathogenic E. coli; Shiga toxin-producing E. coli; enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC); enteroinvasive E. coli; enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC); and diffusely adhering E. coli. E. coli that does not have any diarrheagenic characteristics other than the EAEC heat-stable toxin 1 (EAST1) gene is defined as EASTEC. Although EAST1 has not been widely accepted as a virulence factor, we focused our attention on EASTEC because outbreaks due to EASTEC O166:H15 have occurred in several cities since the first incident in Osaka, Japan, in 1996. In the present review, we discuss EASTEC as a possible seventh group of DEC. Guanylin is secreted in the colon and acts physiologically as an agonist of the guanylyl cyclase receptor to regulate electrolyte and water transport in the epithelia. EAST1, like the heat-stable enterotoxins of ETEC, may mimic guanylin and cause diarrhea. However, epidemiological studies show that the EAST1 gene (astA) is very prevalent not only among EASTEC strains from diarrheal patients but also in healthy people, domestic animals, and meat products. The presence of astA itself may therefore not necessarily indicate that the strain will be diarrheagenic in the intestine. Production of active EAST1 should be checked since astA seems to have numerous variants. The development of a convenient assay for EAST1 is essential. Further epidemiological studies are also required to elucidate whether EASTEC forms a seventh group of DEC; such studies would also identify additional virulence traits such as colonization factor.
解説
  • 小西 良子
    2010 年 54 巻 4 号 p. 285-297
    発行日: 2010/10/30
    公開日: 2010/11/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi which present a hazard to humans and animals. Recently, a risk assessment of the main mycotoxins has been initiated by international committees through which an international standard in the form of a maximum residue level has been established as part of the Codex Alimentarius. In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and the Food Safety Committee carry out surveillance, reduction and risk assessment of mycotoxins. The present article reviews recent information from mycotoxin studies relating to food contamination and worldwide regulation.
  • 入谷 展弘
    2010 年 54 巻 4 号 p. 298-303
    発行日: 2010/10/30
    公開日: 2010/11/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    Noroviruses (NoVs) are an important cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide and affect humans in all age groups. Their transmission modes are food, person-to-person contact, and environmental contamination. NoVs are diverse genetically and classified into five genogroups (GI-GV). The GI and GII NoVs affect humans most commonly, causing infection every year. The genogroups are subdivided into more than 30 different genotypes. The GII.4 genotype has been the most commonly identified genotype worldwide in recent years. Specifically, the GII.4 variant caused the major epidemic of the 2006-2007 season.
    The present review focuses on recent findings in NoV infection relating to their transmission, epidemiology, and evolutionary changes. New knowledge improves our understanding of NoV infection and will be useful in control and prevention.
  • 井原 望, 濱田 信夫
    2010 年 54 巻 4 号 p. 304-311
    発行日: 2010/10/30
    公開日: 2010/11/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    Bacteria and fungi often grow inside dwellings, causing dirt and unpleasant smells and presenting a potential health hazard in the indoor environment. Methods of controlling microbiological contamination differ according to the location within the dwelling and include cleaning, chemicals, ventilators, and air-cleaners. The present study investigated the use of machines and chemicals to control microbiological contamination and assessed the benefits and problems related to their use.
    Numerous anti-bacterial and fungicidal agents are used in dwellings. Of these, natural preparations using herbs and metallic substances have noteworthy safety advantages. For example, rosemary containing essential oil not only controls bacteria and fungi, but also reduces unpleasant smells. However, if these additional characteristics of natural agents are grasped correctly, any herb or metallic substance with antibacterial or antifungal action is useful for life. The paper therefore also discusses where these natural agents are used and how to deploy them effectively.
報文
  • 濱田 信夫, 池田 浩己, 高倉 耕一, 岩前 篤, 上原 裕之, 永滝 陽子, 杉田 隆博
    2010 年 54 巻 4 号 p. 312-320
    発行日: 2010/10/30
    公開日: 2010/11/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    Sick house syndrome (SHS), which comprises various non-specific complaints, has been reported in Japan since the 1990s. SHS patients are mainly said to have irritation of the mucous membranes and skin, often with headaches and fatigue. The present report describes time-dependent changes in indoor formaldehyde (FA) levels and in SHS symptoms. Indoor FA levels have been decreasing in homes built recently.
    In 2000, the effect of FA levels on the symptoms of SHS patients were studied in 71 dwellings. Similar studies were performed again in 2006 and 2007. The data were compared with the results obtained in 2000. Occupants of rooms with FA levels greater than 0.2 ppm were SHS patients; the average FA level was higher in patient houses than in non-patient houses. FA levels were highest in houses built around 1997, and decreased gradually thereafter. The average FA level decreased with occupation period, falling by about 50% between 2000 and 2007.
    From a diagnostic perspective, SHS patient characteristics included not only falling ill on entering the dwelling, but also recovery on leaving them. The FA levels in the dwellings of patients with such symptoms were significantly higher. The percentage of headaches and coughs correlated positively with FA level, and were lower for lower FA levels. Nevertheless, the percentage of allergies was not found to relate to FA level. The possibility of fungi as well as FA being the cause of SHS in patients examined in the study was suggested. The importance of indoor ventilation for controlling SHS symptoms was recognized.
  • -百々川水系の水質ならびに微生物の生息状況-
    伊藤 吹夕, 野村 隆臣, 加田平 賢史, 北川 幹也, 森脇 洋
    2010 年 54 巻 4 号 p. 321-329
    発行日: 2010/10/30
    公開日: 2010/11/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    Samples of river water and of sediment from the surface of submerged stones were taken from the Yonako River, Dodo River and Chikuma River and analyzed for ion species, heavy metals and microbial groups. The water of the Yonako and Dodo Rivers was acidic (pH 3-6) because of the influence of abandoned sulfur mines and the surrounding geological conditions. It is well known that unique and useful bacteria have been found in specific environments, such as volcanic ponds and acidic mine drains. We were interested therefore in the characteristics of microorganisms in the water and the sediment on stones in the Yonako and Dodo Rivers. The concentration of SO42- ions was high in the river water of the Yonako and Dodo Rivers (46 mg/L), and the iron concentration in the stone sediment from the Yonako River was also very high (200 g/kg) compared to that in the Chikuma River and most other rivers. In routine bacteriological agar medium culture, the number of microbial colonies in the Yonako River samples was low compared to the Chikuma River samples. However, using the genetic PCR-DGGE method, it was confirmed that there were many microorganisms living in special environments such as the Yonako River.
ノート
  • 江草 清行, 金子 聡, Ahmed H. A. Dabwan, 勝又 英之, 鈴木 透, 太田 清久
    2010 年 54 巻 4 号 p. 330-335
    発行日: 2010/10/30
    公開日: 2010/11/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    The removal of turbidity in wastewater with coagulants based on paper sludge ash was investigated. Until now, polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and polymer coagulant have been used for the reduction of turbidity in wastewater. However, there are a variety of wastewaters which cannot be treated with these agents, including effluent from the paint industry. Recently, a new coagulant (Ago clean P) has been developed which is made of paper sludge ash. In the present study, the coagulant made of paper sludge ash was applied to the removal of turbidity in paint industry wastewater. Treatment using Ago clean P coagulant was found to be very effective for paint industry wastewater, while the combination of Ago clean P coagulant with the traditional PAC and polymer coagulant treatment was found to contribute to reducing the amount of Ago clean P required for coagulation.
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