The earliest literature about the urban climate or climatic conditions of the cities or settlements was appeared at the time before Christ. Among the others, writings by Marcus Vitruvius (B.C. 75-26) were detailed and correct. Present paper gives the chronologies of their events first in the world and secondly those in Japan. These are shown in relation to the small scale climatology. Thirdly, development of consideration, subject and study methods are summarized for the world and Japan seperately. The main points found in the chronologies are summarized as follows: The first stage of urban climatology started in the 19 C after the long years of prehistorical time. In order to keep a more accurate climatography, which developed as a golden era in the 19 C, it was neccessary to analyse the environmental effect of a location of the observed stations on the observed values. The city temperature, heat islands, was recognized by the end of the 19 C in the big cities in Europe and U.S.A. The second stage started in 1927, when cars were introduced to observe the city temperature distribution in detail. In 1930's monographs on urban climatology have been published. These study methods and results were introduced to Japan within the several years. The third stage started in the middle of 1950's, may be characterized by the following evidences: (i) The observation has been enlarged to the three dimensional space over the cities. (ii) Remote sensing or air photo interpretation methods have been introduced. (iii) Numerical simulation or modelling are carried on by using computer. (iv) Analysis and mapping were made in relation to air pollution and topiclimatic conditions. (v) Textbook, review paper, and bibliography on urban climatology have been published. (vi) Heat islands are studied in relation to building density, roughness parameter, sky view factor, population etc. (vii) Emphasis is given to process-oriented works such as energy/water balance studies. (viii) Urban climatology has been studied not only in the developed countries, but also in the developing countries. (ix) Environmental problems in the cities are coming up agiain.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the variations of thermal environment in dwellings due to the way of living which was affected by differences of meteorological conditions. The objects of measurement were traditional wooden private houses which were built in four areas having different conditions of temperature and wind velocity in Yamanashi prefecture. The analytical period was one year from Jan. 1986 to Dec. 1986. The following facts were clarified through the analysis: 1) It was assumed that the wind velocity had much effect to the way of living rather than the air temperature; 2) The tendency above-mentioned was proved by the fact that inhabitants took precedence of the care for airtight dwellings rather than the care for heat insulation in the way of winter living; 3) These results were more effective to control the thermal variation during a day rather than to raise mean temperature during a day in bedrooms; 4) According to the thermal variation during a day in bedrooms kept small, the difference of air temperature between bedrooms and toilet rooms became wider.

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The distal one-third of a rabbit earlobe was immersed into liquid of 0°C or 42°C with the animal in a supine position. Laser-Doppler flowmeter pickups were placed on the skin surface over tissue area avoiding large branches of central artery. Upon immersion into cold water, the initial fall seen in recordings taken by the thermistor method was not necessarily observed by the laser method. Sometimes even a rise of flow rate was noticed. Later, decreases in the rate were observed. Cold-induced blood flow oscillation was observed with the laser method even when vasooscillation could not be detected by the thermistor. After removal from cold water, the earlobe was immersed in hot water. A few minutes later, a characteristic flow oscillation with period of approximately 8 to 27 sec appeared in all nine rabbits. The heat-induced oscillation indicated amplitudes (wave heights) higher than those in controls and cold exposure experiments. The wave pattern was featured by the increased ratio of wave height/period, which means an increased kurtosis of the waves. This kind of activation was very common in the hot liquid exposure. The wave pattern for some cases seemed very regular with a smaller coefficient of variation (CV) of the period, compared with that in the control. The CV was usually less in period than in amplitude.

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About 4500 persons suffered from heat stroke, under the surprise by a heat wave, during the summer of 1988 in Nanjing, China. A clinical and epidemiological analysis of 271 cases of severe heat stroke in the elderly (60-93 year-old) are presented in this report. Before their attack of heat stroke, 187 patients (69%) had underlying chronic disease. There were precipitous onset in most patients in the days which had a high environmental temperature. Among them, 149 (55.0%) had ≥40°C of body temperature; 127 (46.9%) presented hot and dry skin; 251 (92.6%) showed central nervous system abnormalities such as coma, convulsion or delirium. Leucocytosis was seen in approximately half the number of these patients. The values of serum, K, Na Ca and Cl tended to be lower, but two cases had hyperkalemia. Although these patients received vigorous cooling therapy and so on, the mortality was still as high as 35.4% in this series.

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Effects of infrared (IR) irradiation on body temperature and sweating were examined at Ta of 31-34°C (rh, 40%) in 6 male students. The dorsal aspect of the trunk was irradiated for 60 min at 9°C or 12.5°C of effective radiant temperature (ERT) with one of the following 3 types of IR heaters: 'near infrared' (NIR) with peak wavelength of 1.3μm, 'intermediate infrared' (MIR) with that of 3.5μm, and 'far infrared' (FIR) with wavelength ranging 3-25 μm. It was generally observed regardless of spectral regions of IR that Tes and Tty rose within a minute after the start of the irradiation, and continued to increase throughout the irradiation period. Sweat rate, either on the nonirradiated or on the irradiated area, rapidly increased for the initial 3 min of the irradiation and then leveled off or slightly declined. Subsequently sweat rate began to increase again gradually, until the rate of increase was reduced extremely in 40-50 min after the start of irradiation.The magnitude of increase in Tcore throughout the irradiation, the rate of rise in sweat rate and the maximal sweat rate throughout the irradiation did not differ significantly among NIR, MIR and FIR. It was concluded that change in body temperature and sweating activity during the prolonged irradiation of IR did not varied quantitatively with spectral regions. It was suggested that IR irradiation, irrespective of spectral regions, is an effective method for evoking rapidly the generalized sweating, when appropriate experimental conditions are chosen.

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