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Volume 29, Issue 2
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
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S. YAMASHITA1992 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 65-70
Published: August 01, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUrban climate is defined as peculiar conditions in a city which develop according to urbanization. The purpose of urban climatology is to make clear of structure and mechanism of urban climate, and predict the future change caused by the development of urbanization. Urban climate is usually expressed as differences of climatic elements between urban and rural. Among the urban climate phenomena, heat island is the most closely related to the living environment of our ordinal life. Due to the increasing energy consumption, heat island appears not only during the nighttime but also during the daytime of summer, which is called as thermal pollution type. One feature of heat island is the dense isothermal lines in suburban areas, which is called cliff, and another is the comparatively sparse lines in the central urban area, which is called plateau. However, some secondary heat island is forming inside a big city like Tokyo. On the other hand, the parks and the green areas are existing in the urban area to form a cool island which is called heat sink. As a whole a large heat island come into being at a big city. For example a huge heat island of about 40 km diameter appears in Tokyo. It is very important to make clear of relationships between the different scales of heat island from the phenomena inside the canopy layer to those remotesensed by Landsat. There is discussion on the merit of heat island which means that a huge city can save total energy consumption of the whole earth because of the concentration of human activity on a city. However, this idea is very questionable. Further, cities should be planned introducing amenity based on ecological systems.View full abstractDownload PDF (711K) -
—Health effects of urbanization—Y MOTOHASHI, T. TAKANO1992 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 71-76
Published: August 01, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn urbanized society demands continuous activities of various city functions. Such tendency called “24-hour society” brings about adverse effects on health. The circadian rhythm characteristics of city inhabitant could change by an extreme evening type life style or irregular work hours. One of the important phenomenon, which is thought to be a physiological consequence of irregular life style, is desynchronization of circadian rhythm. Alcohol dependence, work-related diseases, increased rate of psychosomatic complaints in school children are another examples of adverse effects of urbanization and disturbed social life rhythm. The promotion of “Healthy City” is necessary in order to solve these health problems and to achieve healthy as well as comfortable cities in the future.View full abstractDownload PDF (823K) -
N MATSUBARA, T. SAWASHIMA1992 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 77-82
Published: August 01, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStrategies of environmental control as a part of the human temperature regulation are discussed from the viewpoint of architecture and housing. It is necessary to review the living environment in the past, to have the prospect of the future one. Both the enyironmental control of the passive and low energy architecture and the active behavior of the residents are included in the concept of the creation of living environment. The former is relatively a ‘hard’ aspect and the latter is a ‘soft’ one. The development of the mechanical equipment of Lhe architecture gave the architects much more freedom in their shape design. However, the present crisis of the global environment might stop this tendency, because the dependence on the mechanical equipment consumes a great deal of energy. We should think better the traditional wisdom to control environment, such as sprinkling water in summer-uchimizu. Behavior and the life style of people should be made much of in the study of biometeorology. It is necessary to distinguish the academic study and the decision making. Biometeorology must proceed much more with including much wider study field to contribute to the decision making of the creation and utilization of manmade environment.View full abstractDownload PDF (688K) -
—from the viewpoint of environmental engineering—Y. SHIMIZU1992 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 83-89
Published: August 01, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEnergy required for air conditioning is increasing because of request for comfortable indoor environment. This paper describes future of building air conditioning and planning and design of architecture with nature from the viewpoint of environmental engineering.View full abstractDownload PDF (570K) -
Y. KODAMA1992 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 91-95
Published: August 01, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEnvironment and energy are the greatest issue facing today's civilization on the earth. The massive consumption of energy in order to raise the standard of living is endangering the natural environment in the global scale. Architecture, with its aim to create a comfortable and convenient living space, is facing the same dilemma. This is the result of overly adhering to the “energy-oriented” technological paradigm of the modern age in which problem-solving attempts are based on the consumption of energy. An alternative to this would be an “environment-oriented” paradigm in which the potential of the natural environment endowed to the region would be incorporated in the probe for architectural designs. This alternative might be called BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN.View full abstractDownload PDF (2078K) -
T. OGAWA1992 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 97-100
Published: August 01, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOptimum temperature is a vague term. It could be subjective one (comfortable temperature), physiological one (thermoneutral zone), or economical one. Humans are endowed with fine thermoregulatory function and thermal adaptability. Furthermore, they further have created their environments comfortable to them through their superb cultural adaptability. However, excess demand for thermal comfort may be hazardous to their health, and the lack of thermal stress may lead to degradation of their inherent thermal adaptability. The thermal environment beneficial to health may not correspond either with subjectively optimum temperature or physiologically optimum one. It is not at all consistent but varies with various factors such as age, physical conditions, chronobiological factors, etc.View full abstractDownload PDF (393K) -
Y FUKUOKA, H TAKAHASHI, I KAIHOTSU1992 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 101-106
Published: August 01, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOne of the most important subjects in urban climatology is “Control of Urban-climate”, that is, the roles of water and plants for designing urban environment, on which the authors have a review of their studies. According to the investigations at Hiroshima, Miyoshi, Higashihiroshima Cities, etc., the river water and plants play a role of controlling urban temperature while there are influences of the tide at the city near the coast and the fog at the city in the basin. Recently, the authors surveyed the temperature distribution at the level of urban canopy surface (mean roof height), where they could hardly find any effects of water or plants. But the results of vertical observations by kitoons indicated the effect of river on the penetration of sea-breeze and on the formation of urban heat-dome. It is clear that the heat-island intensity is inversely proportioned to the area of evaporation surfaces such as rivers, parks, and farms analyzed by LANDSAT photoanalysis.View full abstractDownload PDF (667K) -
K. NIWA1992 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 107-112
Published: August 01, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe aim of this research was to investigate influences of body fat on the thermoregulatory responses during immersion, by dividing fifteen subjects into three groups according to the rate of body fat (Group A: 11.6±0.6%, Group B: 9.3±0.7%, Group C: 8.4±0.6%) . The subjects were immersed in static water at 21°C to cover their shoulders for 30 minutes during the rising phase (9: 00-12: 00) of body temperature. Rectal and skin temperature, duration of shivering and oxygen intake were measured at various times during the immersion. Heat production, respiratory evaporative heat loss, dry heat loss, body heat storage and body tissue thermal conductance also were estimated. Heat production was highest in group C and lowest in group A, and was significantly different in group A and C. Convective and conductive heat loss was 19-51% higher in group B and C than in group A. Body heat storage was negative in all groups, that was 20-52% higher in groups B and C than in group A. The duration of shivering increased as the mean body temperature declined. Body tissue thermal conductance was lowest in group A and highest in group C. These findings suggest the possibility that the subjects with a low percentage of body fat resist predominantly to cold by increasing metabolism, while those with a high percentage of body fat resist to cold by increasing body insulation.View full abstractDownload PDF (720K) -
H YAMASHITA, N SATO, D SAITO, K WAKABAYASHI, N UENO, H OHNO1992 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 113-118
Published: August 01, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo elucidate the mechanism of brown adipose tissue (BAT) enlargement during cold exposure, we investigated the effects of BAT extracts and blood plasma on the growth of brown adipose cells and capillary growth in vitro in rats. BAT and blood were collected from male Wistar strain rats maintained at 25°C (warm-adapted, WA) or 5°C (cold-acclimated, CA) for 4 weeks. The BAT extracts of both WA and CA rats markedly increased the growth of rat brown adipose cells and bovine capillary endothelial cells, there being no definite difference in the effects. On the other hand, the plasma of CA rats significantly increased the growth of these cells compared to that of WA rats. Moreover, the effect of plasma addition on the capillary growth in vitro was considerably greater in CA rats than in WA rats. These results suggest that plasma from CA rats contains some growth factor (s) in the BAT enlargement and that there is an intimate connection between capillary growth and BAT enlargement.View full abstractDownload PDF (4061K) -
T MATSUMOTO, M KOSAKA, M YAMAUCHI, N OHWATARI, K TSUCHIYA, J-M LEE, G- ...1992 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 119-125
Published: August 01, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe clinical and basic usefulness of a radiation tympanic thermometer was evaluated in this study. The results of examination with a standard black body indicated a high accuracy, and the error was less than 0.1°C at a range between 32.0°C and 42.0°C. Tympanic temperature measured with a radiation tympanic thermometer and oral (sublingual) or axillary temperatures measured with a mercury in glass thermometer were compared in 35 cases. Although mean tympanic temperature was 0.5°C higher than oral temperature and 0.9°C higher than axillary temperature, there were significant correlations between tympanic temperature and both of oral and axillary temperatures. A high correlation was found between tympanic temperatures measured with a radiation thermometer and a thermistor thermometer. The former, however, was 0.78°C higher compared to the latter. If the body temperature is measured with a radiation tympanic thermometer after understanding of its reference, the body temperature is correctly evaluated. Moreover, because of its easy handling and rapid response, the radiation tympanic thermometer is considered to be available in many clinics.View full abstractDownload PDF (763K)
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