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Volume 49 (2012)
- Issue 4 Pages 127-
- Issue 2 Pages 49-
- Issue 1 Pages 3-
Volume 49, Issue 4
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
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Obituary
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Tetsumi Horikoshi2013 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 127-130
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2013
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Reviews
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Masatoshi Yoshino2013 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 131-140
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn India, a “heat wave” is defined, in a region of normal air temperature above 40°C, as conditions with daily deviation of 3–4°C. A “severe heat wave” is the same but with deviation higher than 5°C. An “intermediate heat wave” is defined, in a region of normal air temperature below 40°C, as conditions with daily deviation of 5–6°C. Also a “severe heat wave” is the same but with deviation higher than 6°C. Heat waves continue for 5–6 days normally and 15 days in extreme cases. Severe heat waves continue 3–4 days in most cases. According to statistics in India for the 22 years from 1978 to 1999, heat waves occurred annually on an average of 11.5 times, and monthly 5.0 times in May, 3.9 in June and 1.9 in April. In the other months, they were infrequent. By state, Maharashtra experienced 1.6 times per year and Bihar, Rajasthan and West Bengal 1.3 each. The other states showed small numbers. The monthly numbers of deaths caused by heat waves were at a maximum in June or almost the same as those in May. The reason for this is considered to be a lag effect of heat strokes on mortality numbers as caused by heat waves. Lag effects of heat waves on human health conditions are found mostly among aged people, people living in poor out-door conditions in urban areas, people with inadequate water supply conditions and others. The numbers of deaths due to heat waves are small in El Nino years but very large in the years following El Nino years. For example, they became about 17 times in 1983 from 1982, about 100 times in 1988 from 1987, and about 190 times in 1998 from 1997. The numbers of deaths in 1998 reached maximum of 1,658, with heat waves occurring 33 times, which were both record high values for the last period of the 20th Century. In April, May, June and July, 2012, India experienced severe heat waves and the total number of deaths reached 575. Severe electricity cuts, water supply shortages, class closures in schools, poor service or difficulty in hospitals, etc., occurred indirectly as impacts of those heat waves.
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Futoshi Matsumoto2013 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 141-148
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLeaf coloring is indicator of climate change and so on. In this report, the chemical mechanism and impacts of climate change on leaf coloring were reviewed. Firstly the accumulated daily minimum temperature was proved to relate the leaf coloring (the chlorophyll decreasing) of Acer palmatum. Secondly the relationship between these leaf coloring and the global warming or urban warming were noticed. In the case of leaf coloring date of Ginkgo biloba, there were general wide variance and variations exist among a group of trees at one observation point. So botanical factors such as budding dates are considered to relate to leaf coloring. On the other hand, in the case of Acer palmatum, there were smaller variance than Ginkgo biloba, so the leaf coloring are suggested to refrain the effects of climate. Therefore the mechanism and species of trees should be considered to evaluate on these leaf coloring.
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Original Article
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Takamasa Mizuno, Masataka Nakano, Takaaki Matsumoto, Yoshihisa Umemura2013 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 149-155
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of bathing duration in the artificial carbon dioxide-rich water on the maximal dorsiflexion angle of the ankle joint. Eight healthy young male subjects participated in this study. The passive torque and ankle joint angle were measured during the passive-dorsiflexion test, in which the ankle was passively dorsiflexed at a speed of 1 deg/s to the maximal dorsiflexion angle. After the passive-dorsiflexion test, subjects were performed the artificial carbon dioxide-rich water-bathing or the fresh water-bathing for 5, 10 and 20 min in different days. Thereafter, subjects were performed the passive-dorsiflexion test, again. As a result, maximal dorsiflexion angle of the ankle joint was significantly increased after bathing both the artificial carbon dioxide-rich water and the fresh water for 10 min (P < 0.05), and passive torque at the maximal dorsiflexion angle of the ankle joint were significantly increased after bathing both the artificial carbon dioxide-rich water and the fresh water (P < 0.05). The cutaneous blood flow was significantly increased after the artificial carbon dioxide-rich water-bathing trials (P < 0.05), but no significant change was identified after the fresh water-bathing. These results clarified both the artificial carbon dioxide-rich water-bathing and the fresh water-bathing in fixed position for 10 min at neutral temperature increased maximal dorsiflexion angle of the ankle joint.
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Short Communication
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Seiji Sakate, Mustumi Sawai, Kazuhiro Minami, Akira Yorimoto, Akio Hos ...2013 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 157-163
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study aimed to identify the current status of heat disorders in college students in Japan, and utilize the results in education to prevent heat disorders. A questionnaire survey was performed involving 1,231 students aged between 18 to 24 years old (792 males, 439 females, 19.1±1.0 years old). We judged subjective symptoms of heat disorders experienced by the students during sports activities, and classified them into I to III severity levels. As the results, 5.6, 80.4, and 14.0% of the students were classified into Levels I, II, and III, respectively. A greater percentage of male students corresponded to Level III than female students. A smaller percentage of athletic students corresponded to Level III than students in other courses. More than 90% of the students had accurate knowledge of heat disorders. A smaller percentage of students who had accurate knowledge of heat disorders corresponded to Level III than those without such knowledge. The percentage of students who corresponded to Level III was higher in those who knew WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) or the guidelines for the prevention of heat disorders based on Japan Society of Biometeorology and Japan Sports Association, than those who did not know them. A greater percentage of students who had experienced heat disorders corresponded to Level III than those who had not. However, 10% of students who responded that they had never experienced heat disorders corresponded to Level III. More students who had been transported to the hospital due to heat disorders had experienced Level III than those who had not, and they all corresponded to Level II or higher. However, 12.2% of students who responded that they had not been transported to the hospital due to heat disorders corresponded to Level III. The results revealed insufficient knowledge of heat disorders among college students, indicating the need to provide more effective education to prevent heat disorders.
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Book Recommendation
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Yoshitaka Fukuoka2013 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 165-166
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2013
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