日本生態学会誌
Online ISSN : 2424-127X
Print ISSN : 0021-5007
ISSN-L : 0021-5007
10 巻, 4 号
選択された号の論文の14件中1~14を表示しています
  • 原稿種別: 表紙
    1960 年 10 巻 4 号 p. Cover1-
    発行日: 1960/08/01
    公開日: 2017/04/08
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 原稿種別: 表紙
    1960 年 10 巻 4 号 p. Cover2-
    発行日: 1960/08/01
    公開日: 2017/04/08
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 原稿種別: 付録等
    1960 年 10 巻 4 号 p. App1-
    発行日: 1960/08/01
    公開日: 2017/04/08
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 谷口 森俊
    原稿種別: 本文
    1960 年 10 巻 4 号 p. 137-140
    発行日: 1960/08/01
    公開日: 2017/04/08
    ジャーナル フリー
    The intertidal zonation of marine algae along the coasts of the Satsuma Peninsula, facing the East China Sea, was studied. The field works were carried twice in March, 1958 and 1959. As the results of the investigations, two communities have been found. 1) Gloiopeltis furcata-Myelophycus caespitosus-Hizikia fusiforme-Eisenia bicyclis community is found at Akune, Ushinohama and Kushikino. As described in the previous works, this shows a distinct characteristic of the open sea type community of the middle Pacific Ocean, and is distributed from Onahama, Boso Pen., Izu Pen., Ise Bay, Shima-Matoya Bay to the Hyuganada and Chikuzen in Kyusyu. 2) Gelidium divaricetum-G. pusillum-Corallina pilulifera community is found at Noma, Bonotsu, Makurazaki and Hanasezaki. In this community there can be recognized three belts. From above downward they are the Gelidium divaricatum belt, G. pusillum belt and Corallina pilulifera belt. The dominant alga of the first belt is Gelidium divaricatum associated with Gloiopeltis furcata, Porphyra crispata, Monostroma nitidum, Herposiphonia tenella, Gloiopeltis tenax, Nemalion pulvinatum and Bostrychia binderi. The dominant alga of the second is Gelidium pusillum and the associated forms are Myelophycus caespitosus, Carpopeltis flabellata, Boodlea coacta, Petrospongium rugosum, Colpomenia sinuosa and Ulva conglobata. The dominant alga of the third is Corallina pilulifera, associated with Enteromorpha sp., Gigartina intermedia, Mastophora rosea, Hydroclathrus clathratus and Caulerpa sp. All these algae have minute bodies and form a close cover over or carpet the rock. Consequently the algal vegetation is poor. Bostrychia binderioccurs in a group and Chlorophyceae are more abundant in this community. Compared with the former community, these characteristics are very prominent in the latter though rather small in number, and may be assumed to be subtropical or the tropical, common to the algal vegetation in South-West Is., Micronesia, India, Gold Coast (Africa) and Florida(North America). The boundary line between the two communities is between Kushikino and Noma.
  • 西村 登
    原稿種別: 本文
    1960 年 10 巻 4 号 p. 141-148
    発行日: 1960/08/01
    公開日: 2017/04/08
    ジャーナル フリー
    The present paper deals with the results of ecological investigations on the benthic insects of Maruyama River especially in its middle and lower parts. The survey was carried out from 1956 to 1959,and 109 species of aquatic insects belonging to nine orders were collected. Of these insects, 63 species were found in the headstream and springs, 56 in the torrential part of the river, 41 in the middle part and seven in the lower part. Orders found in each part are shown in Table 6. Some species of caddisworms as Stenophylax ondakensis, Limnocentropus insolitus, Uenoa tokunagai and some stonefly nymphs as Nogiperla sp., Nemoura(Nemoura)sp. were found only in the headstream. On the other hand, sand-dwelling mayfly nymphs as Potamanthus kamonis were charactyristic in the middle parts. According to the typological classification of life forms, the netspinning form was dominant in most parts of the river. The standing crop of the benthic insects of each part of the river was found to be as : middle part>torrential part>headstream>lower part. The constitutions of the communities and the standing crops varied with different river beds even at the same part. Generally, the Hayase-rapid showed the largest standing crop in the middle part. The standing crops were greatly controlled by the presence or absence of the net-spinning caddisfly larvae belonging to the Stenopsychidae. From the viewpoint of the blological production of the river beds, this stenopsychid larvae seemed to be of the most important. The lower limit of distribution of the stenopsychid worms in Maruyama River seemed to be restricted by the conditions of substratum, and the upper limit by the water temperature. In addition to these factors, water pollution in the lower parts and the continuity of the water surface which was the important element to the migration of ovipositing female in the upper parts were proved to be the factors influencing the distribution.
  • 黒田 長久
    原稿種別: 本文
    1960 年 10 巻 4 号 p. 148-153
    発行日: 1960/08/01
    公開日: 2017/04/08
    ジャーナル フリー
    This paper forms a part of the studies reported in the'Miscellaneous Reports'of the Yamashina Museum of Birds. The summer roosts(including partly winter) of the grey starling and their feeding ranges in the city zone and western plains of Tokyo Prefecture were investigated chiefly in 1958〜59. The winter feeding habitat is almost exclusively the wet rice paddies of the north (Saitama Pref.) and very few of them are found on upland fields and in the city of Tokyo. In summer, the grown rice fields become unfit for feeding and the starling population increases in the city zone where there are abundant berries of the cherry (many cherry avenues), Morus, Elaeagnus, Machilus, etc. Also there is a rich insect fauna on the lawns of parks and gardens, where they find big old trees with available nesting holes. In the suburbs their distribution is local to the suitable nesting and feeding places. Subject to such movement of the flock, their summer roosts are rather concentrated to the periphery of the city zone (Fig. 1). They use them from May or June. The flock size is largest in July to August and they begin to scatter from October to finally abandon them in middle November. In the suburbs the roosts were few and these are partly used also in winter. In all, eleven roosts, mostly of 2000〜4000 birds, have so far been found within the habitat of the grey starling in Tokyo Prefecture. The counts of five roosts of city periphery indicate that at least 15,000 starlings are concentrated in the southeastern part in summer, while the populstion represented by three widely apart roosts of extensive suburbs is very low.
  • 小林 四郎
    原稿種別: 本文
    1960 年 10 巻 4 号 p. 154-160
    発行日: 1960/08/01
    公開日: 2017/04/08
    ジャーナル フリー
    To clarify the mechanism of the concentrating distribution in the eggs of the common cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora in a cabbage farm, the censuses were made on every cabbage plant during the period from June 27 to June 18 of 1953 successively in Sendal, and the newly laid eggs on each observed day were discriminated by marking. The factors affecting the distribution pattern were examined from the points of the heterogeneity of environmental conditions and the oviposition habit of the butterfly. The results were as follows : 1. The heterogeneity of plant characters affects slightly the distribution pattern of the newly laid eggs on each observed day but has close relation with the cumulative number of the eggs extended over a long period of time. From the fact, it seems that the oviposition in each day is not so related to plant characters as the distribution of eggs is prescribed by them but the slight tendency to lay eggs in relation to the plant characters accumulated for a long time. 2. In most cases, the eggs are laid densely in a part of the field and the densely populated portion appears at different places everyday. It seems that this spatial unevenness is formed by chance in early summer because of the random position of the densely populated portion. But, the distribution pattern of the newly laid eggs is affected more closely by the spatial unevenness than the heterogeneity of plant characters. 3. The degree of concentration in the distribution of the newly laid eggs relates to the density. As the density of the eggs is increased, the oviposition is apt to have relation to the plant characters and the newly laid eggs distribute more unevenly. Accordingly, it is conceivable that the relation between the distribution pattern and the density is mediated by the heterogeneity of environmental conditions. 4. In the field where the environmental conditions are homogeneous, the newly laid eggs tend to distribute concentrically. This tendency may be due to the oviposition habit of the butterflies. On the supposition that the visiting of butterflies to each plant is at random but the number of eggs laid at a time by them is different, the applicability of the generalized POISSON distribution to the observed one is tested and close agreement between them is obtained. 5. After the laying the eggs disappear not at random from each plant(this disappearance may be due mainly to the incubation). It seems that their disappearance is inverse density-dependent, therefore the distribution of the eggs remains concentrically more than eight days thereafter. The distribution pattern of the eggs becomes more concentric by the accumulation of the eggs which are laid on previous days and remained till each observed day.
  • 小野 勇一
    原稿種別: 本文
    1960 年 10 巻 4 号 p. 161-168
    発行日: 1960/08/01
    公開日: 2017/04/08
    ジャーナル フリー
    The effects of high population density on the behavior, distribution of nests and dispersal of individuals of a fiddler crab, Ilyoplax pusillus DB HAAN, were studied by using the experimental cages set on the natural habitat of this crab. Two kinds of cages, each five in number, were used ; one had the basal area of 40×40cm^2 and the other of 20×20cm^2. Two series of populations, each having 2,4,8,16 and 32 individuals, were introduced into these cages. The results of observations are as follows : 1. The crabs begin their daily activity when the ground appears above the ebb-water in the daytime. Then , the number of active crabs in each cage gradually increases until it reaches an equilibrium density. It was ascertained that the ratio of the equilibrium density of active individuals to the total population density in the cage falls with the rise of population density, suggesting the interruption of activity of individuals due to the mutual interference (Figs. 1 and 2). 2. By the marking of individuals, it was clarified that, at the high density some individuals disappear from the ground surface after a short period of activity and nearly the same number of crabs newly appears from the nests alternately (Table 1). Namely, at high density, the individuals of the crab utilize the habitat area alternately. The higher the population density becomes, the more frequent the alternation takes place. 3. A statistical treatment revealed that the crabs aggregate on the border area of the cage at low density, but both of border and inner area are utilized at high density (Fig. 3). The utilization of the unfavorable inner area is considered to be caused by the high population pressure in the border area. .The distribution of individuals in the border area was not at random but uniform, indicating the existence of mutual interference among individuals. 5. Fightings between individuals, either between two nest owners or between nest owner and wanderer, the latter having no nest, were often observed (Table 2). In most cases, the fighting near a nest ended by the retreat of the invader. The frequency of fighting per individual (Fig. 4) and also the number of wanderers (Table 2) were density dependent as was seen in the proportion of active individuals to the total inhabitants. 6. It seems that the regulatory mechanisms of the crab population, represented in the uniform nest distribution, limitation of the number of active individuals and dispersal of individuals to the unfavorable inner area, are controlled by the territorial character of the crab intermediated by the fighting behavior among individuals (Fig. 5).
  • 鈴木 啓祐
    原稿種別: 本文
    1960 年 10 巻 4 号 p. 168-171
    発行日: 1960/08/01
    公開日: 2017/04/08
    ジャーナル フリー
    In this paper, a particular method for classification of the type of the arrangement of plants in plant communities by the average variation rate line (devised by the author) is reported. The average variation rate line is made by the following way. At first we research the quantities of each species of plants by a certain method (density, frequency, etc.) at n+1 points (x_1,x_2,……, x_<n+1>) which are distanced with equal intervals on the straight line drawn from point A to B. The distance from x_1 to x_<n+1> is D(the distance from A to B), D/n is represented by d(the distance from x_i to x_<i+1>), and the quantity of the species j at x_i is represented by f(x_i). Then the definition of the rate of variation of species j from point x_i to x_<i+1>, r_i<(j)>(i=1,2,……, n) is given by the formula (1). And the average variation rate R_n<(j)> is calculated by the formula(2). The average variation rate line is the line showing the relation between n and R_n(Figs. 1,2). The different types of the mode of arrangement of the quantities are classified by the different forms of the average variation line (R_n line) (Fig. 1). In Fig. 2B the type of the mode of arrangement is, in the region where n&le;5 (from the macroscopical view-point), monoton, but in the region n&le;50 (from the microscopical viewppoint), inclined compound V. The relative average variation rate, R_n defined by the formula (6) represents the relative strength of the variation of quantities of plants. It is interesting to note that the orders of the magnitudes of R_n coincide with those of the coefficients of stability S(defined by the author) when n is 6 (Tables 1,2).
  • 鈴木 静夫
    原稿種別: 本文
    1960 年 10 巻 4 号 p. 172-176
    発行日: 1960/08/01
    公開日: 2017/04/08
    ジャーナル フリー
    The ecological studies on aquatic phycomycetes were carried out in the Goshikinuma Lake group of Volcano Bandai, Fukushima Prefecture. 1 The lake waters showed strong acidity and contained a large amount of mineral elements, such as SO_4 : 150〜429mg/l, Ca : 64〜195mg/l, Cl : 68〜182mg/l, Fe : 0.01〜1.75mg/l, Mn : 0.1〜2.2mg/l. 2 The zoospore of aquatic phycomycetes was counted 0〜1177/10 cc in the water of the shore and it decreased accompanied with increase of the disharmonic nature of lake waters. The distribution of aquatic fungi closely corresponded to the acidity as well as the amount of mineral component in the water. Saprolegnia monoica var. acidamica, which had high resistance against mineral acids, was found only in the acidotrophic lakes, while Pythium sp. was distributed in neutral lakes and never in acidic ones. 3 There were two types of the vertical distribution of the zoospore of aquatic phycomycetes ; the one was the homogeneous distribution and the other was the stratum distribution. The former appeared during the circulation period, and the latter was found during the stagnation period. The vertical distribution of the zoospore differed with each species. The zoospore of the genus Saprolegnia was distributed only in the surface layer, while that of Aphanomyces and Pythium increased toward the bottom layer. 4 The aquatic phycomycetes was very scarce or none in the bottom mud of acidic lakes, but it was very rich in neutral lakes. 5 According to the fungus productivity, the lakes of the Goshikinuma group were divided into following 3 groups. (a) Yanaginuma group : The fungus productivity was very high as that of the deepeutrophic lakes. (b) Rurinuma group : The fungus production was very poor and it was characterized by the presence of Saprolegnia monoica var. acidamica that adapted to the acidotrophic water. (c) Bishamon-numa group : The fungus was not seen in these lakes.
  • 原稿種別: 付録等
    1960 年 10 巻 4 号 p. 176-
    発行日: 1960/08/01
    公開日: 2017/04/08
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 原稿種別: 付録等
    1960 年 10 巻 4 号 p. App2-
    発行日: 1960/08/01
    公開日: 2017/04/08
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 原稿種別: 表紙
    1960 年 10 巻 4 号 p. Cover3-
    発行日: 1960/08/01
    公開日: 2017/04/08
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 原稿種別: 表紙
    1960 年 10 巻 4 号 p. Cover4-
    発行日: 1960/08/01
    公開日: 2017/04/08
    ジャーナル フリー
feedback
Top