Six major vegetation types characterized the Japanese Archipelago about 20,000 yr B.P., (1) tundra, (2) park tundra, (3) boreal conifer forest, (4) temperate conifer forests [two subtypes are recognized, (a) Pinus (Haploxylon), and (b) Picea maximowiczii, Picea polita, Abies firma, and Tsuga sieboldii forests], (5) mixed temperate conifer and deciduous broadleaf forest, and (6) warm-temperate evergreen broadleaf forest. Of these, the coniferous forests covered the archipelago extensively.
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