JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY
Online ISSN : 2424-127X
Print ISSN : 0021-5007
ISSN-L : 0021-5007
Volume 34, Issue 3
Displaying 1-22 of 22 articles from this issue
  • Article type: Cover
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages Cover1-
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Article type: Cover
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages Cover2-
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages App1-
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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  • Masanori TODA, Masahito KIMURA, Osamu ENOMOTO
    Article type: Article
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 253-270
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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    Ten drosophilid species breeding on decayed leaves and stems of herbaceous plants are compared for their bionomic characters : habitat preference, host plant utilization and annual life cycle. For the first two characters, which correlate with each other, the species are divided into two groups : one living in relatively dry habitats and the other in intermediate to humid habitats. From another aspect of bionomics, i.e., annual life cycle, the species are classified into two categories : univoltine species and multivoltine (mostly bivoltine) species. According to COHEN'S (1970) model for optimal timing of diapause, this phenological difference among species having similar ecological requirements is thought to result from interspecific competition for breeding resources, which are diminished in the second breeding season. The species-specific reproductive tactics are evaluated in connection with their life history characteristics. Species living in relatively dry habitats (open grasslands) allocate more energy to reproduction, i.e., make a larger reproductive effort, in order to adapt to the unpredictably fluctuating environments there. On the other hand, species differing in phenology but co-inhabiting relatively humid environments utilize different tactics on a common continuum of reproductive allocation between egg size and number. Univoltine species take the tactic of producing a large number of small eggs, while bivoltine species, the opposite one of producing a small number of large eggs.
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  • Mamoru WATANABE, Kazuo NOZATO, Keizi KIRITANI, Shun'ichi MIYAI
    Article type: Article
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 271-279
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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    Seasonal fluctuations of eggs and their survival in black swallowtail butterflies in comparison with yellow swallowtail butterflies, i.e. Papilio xuthus and P. machaon, were investigated at a deforested area in Chiba, Kanto district, and at patches of forest gaps in Kochi, Shikoku Island. The black swallowtail butterflies (P. helenus, P. bianor and P. protenor) in Chiba laid eggs on a host tree, Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, in two discrete generations. In Kochi, oviposition by P. helenus and P. protenor also takes place continuously on the same host species throughout the season, i.e. from April to October. The egg density was higher in summer-autumn generation than that in spring one in both localities. Annual variation in the shape of survivorship curves was smaller in the black swallowtail butterflies as compared with that of P. xuthus. The generation mortality from egg to pupa in the summer-autumn generation was lower than that in the spring generation. It was also lower than those of P. xuthus and P. machaon in the comparable generation. The habitat preference of the black swallowtail butterflies was also discussed in comparison with P. xuthus and P. machaon.
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  • Junichi YUKAWA
    Article type: Article
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 281-288
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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    The Krakatau Islands, which are situated in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra in Indonesia, were totally sterilized in 1883 by the world-famous big eruption. In association with the international research program on "100 years development of Krakatau and its surroundings" organized by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), the present author had an opportunity to investigate the insect fauna on the islands in October and November 1982. The fruit fly fauna on the Krakataus was characterized by the scantiness in the number of species together with the presence of an extremely dominant species, Dacus albistrigatus. The situation is discussed in the light of the MACARTHUR and WILSON'S theory of island biogeography.
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  • Yukifumi MATSUMOTO, Tadao MATSUMOTO, Kazuyoshi MIYASHITA
    Article type: Article
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 289-297
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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    Feeding habits of the marine toad, Bufo marinus, which was introduced to the Bonin Islands (27°N, 142°E), Japan, were investigated by stomach content analysis. The diet composition was expressed in occurrence frequency, number and weight. The frequent prey were ants, Diplopoda, Hemiptera, Armadillidiidae, Lepidoptera larvae and Curculionidae. Prey items which dominated in number were ants, pill-bugs and Diptera larvae. The dominant prey in weight were the giant snail, Achatina fulica, pill-bugs and Diptera larvae. The composition of the marine toad's diet generally reflected the soil macrofauna in the living site. The toad as an opportunistic feeder fed on various kinds of prey living on the soil surface. Large giant snails (larger than 30 mm in shell length) recovered from the toad's stomach mostly lacked shells. These snails were probably eaten after being crushed by man. This fact suggests that toads are able to feed on stationary materials. The stomach content weight tended to become heavier in larger toads. Large toads tended to eat prey larger than 5.0 mm as compared with small ones. Heavy stomach contents generally indicated a higher percentage of animal materials.
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  • Takuo YAMAKURA
    Article type: Article
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 299-309
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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    The effect of tree density upon the frequency distribution of diameter at breast height (DBH) in plantation forests of Cryptomeria japonica was examined by applying PEARSON'S type VII distribution to observed data. The DBH data followed REINEKE'S model concerning the effect of tree density on the mean DBH in a stand. Limited by REINEKE'S model, all coefficients of PEARSON'S type VII distribution were formulated by empirical equations of tree density. From these empirical equations, a mathematical model was developed for the frequency distribution of individual DBH in forest stands limited by REINEKE'S model. Furthermore, the dependence of individual DBH upon tree density was formulated from a function of tree density. In conclusion, a normalized density function of DBH yielded a statistical basis to REINEKE'S model.
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  • Hiroshi TAKEDA, Buared PRACHAIYO, Toshio TSUTSUMI
    Article type: Article
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 311-319
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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    The decomposition of leaf litter of 7 tree species was studied over 6 months from March 1980 to September 1980 in a tropical forest in the north-east Thailand. Besides the decomposition study, the feeding activities and population densities of soil arthropods were studied in the same study area. Decomposition rates were expressed by a constant of a negative exponential model and varied from 0.0422 to 0.2308 month^-1 according to the species. The most rapid rate was that of Croton oblongifolium which lost about 60% of initial weight during the 6 months and the most slow rate was that of Diospyros castanea which lost only 22% of initial weight during the period. Decomposability was significantly correlated with the leaf thickness and field observations suggested that thicker and tougher leaves disappear most slowly. The decomposition rates estimated were compared with other similar studies in tropical forests and the decomposition rates of leaf litter were rather slower in this study area.
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  • Toshio TSUTSUMI, Yoshimitsu NISHITANI
    Article type: Article
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 321-330
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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    The effect of soil fertility on throughfall chemicals was studied in three Chamaecyparis obtusa stands differing in site conditions on Mt. Hiei, Shiga Pref. The three stands studied were located along a slope from the bottom to the ridge. There was no significant difference in the amount of throughfall among the plots. The throughfall was about 75% of the incident precipitation. The water chemicals differed among plots, however. The nutrient concentration of throughfall was higher than that of incident rain water. The difference was large for K, Ca and Mg and was small for N and P. Though there was no significant seasonal change in water chemicals of incident precipitation, the throughfall chemicals for three stands showed a similar seasonal change. The concentration of nutrients was high in the early winter for all elements, and there was another small peak in the summer for some elements, such as cation. The concentration of throughfall chemicals was higher in the fertile stand than in poor soil. The ratio of rain wash to standing amount of a nutrient in leaves (leachability index) was high in the stand developed on the fertile soil.
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  • Ryonosuke OKUNO
    Article type: Article
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 331-339
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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    In early spring when the minimum temperature rose rapidly from 0℃ to 5℃, mature males and females of the Japanese toad, Bufo japonicus japonicus, inhabiting the botanical garden of Kanazawa University, appeared on the ground from their hibernation places and migrated to ponds on the campus for breeding. After breeding they went underground again and stayed in their hiding places for two or three weeks. As the minimum temperature rose higher than 20℃, toad activity decreased and many individuals retired to their hiding places during the summer season. In late autumn when the minimum temperature dropped below 10℃, the toads disappeared gradually from the ground, and their hibernation began at 5℃. It may be thought that the seasonal activity of the toad is primarily controlled by atmosperic temperature, and that its optimum range is 3-7℃ for breeding and 10-20℃ for feeding.
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  • Susumu OKITSU, Koji ITO
    Article type: Article
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 341-346
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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    The application of Kira's Warmth Index (WI) 15 to the forest limit was tested in mountains of Hokkaido. Forest limits were hardly dependent on WI15 or on any definite WI value, but generally correlated with the altitudes of the mountains. The forest limits were located normally in the region of 200 m to 500 m lower than the summit of the mountain. The north-westerly seasonal wind in winter was considered as the most prevailing factor controlling the forest limit.
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  • Yoshimune MORITA
    Article type: Article
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 347-356
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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    Pollen analyses were made on materials collected from the moors of the Azuma Mountains in order to clarify the vegetational history in the subalpine zone of this mountain range. It was suggested that the subalpine zone of this area was widely covered by meadow from 7500-7000 to 3000-2500 years ago. After that, the meadow was replaced by Abies mariesii forest. Thus, the modern subalpine coniferous forest zone is considered to be only about 2500-3000 years old.
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  • A.K. THUKRAL, M.C. JOSHI, Rohtash CHAND
    Article type: Article
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 357-359
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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    An analysis for ash content, sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations in plants from Ajitsagar (India) was carried out. Salvadora oleoides Decne. was found to have high ash content (37.3% dry wt.) and Ca concentration (49.3 mg g^-1 dry wt.) in its leaves.
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  • Tai-chi SHIBUYA, Ichiroku HAYASHI
    Article type: Article
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 361-363
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 365-
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 365-
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 366-
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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    Download PDF (124K)
  • Article type: Appendix
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 366-
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (124K)
  • Article type: Appendix
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages a-
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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  • Article type: Cover
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages Cover3-
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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    Download PDF (57K)
  • Article type: Cover
    1984 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages Cover4-
    Published: September 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
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