In this review, effects of various environmental factors on photosynthesis of higher plants are discussed, using reported results. The methods for the estimations of photosynthetic rates, conductance for water vapor diffusion, and the evaluation of intercellular concentration of CO
2 are also described. Major environmental factors such as light, temperature, CO
2,water, and air pollutants are related to photosynthetic efficiency from the aspect of ecophysiological significance. The applications of physical or mathematical equations are proposed for analyzing the effects of these environmental factors on photosynthesis.
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