It is not known whether amphibian species inhabiting lotic habitats migrate to breeding sites within a stream, as migratory amphibians, such as most frogs, toads, and ambystomatid, hynobiid, and salamandrid salamanders, migrate from land to water to breed. This study examined whether breeding migration occurs in the Japanese giant salamander (
Andrias japonicus) by analyzing features of seasonal movements and the factors that affect them. Over a 1-year period, 200 individuals from the Hatsuka River in Hyogo Prefecture were tracked in a mark-recapture study. The significant effects of the variable date on the distance of movement were confirmed in the generalized additive model. Seasonal movements were analyzed by comparing the distances moved between the pre-, post-, and nonbreeding seasons. Andrias japonicus moved approximately 200m upstream, on average, during the prebreeding season and moved downstream the same distance during the postbreeding season. This was based on many short-distance moving individuals and a few relatively long-distance moving individuals; the farthest distance moved was 3969m upstream. The upstream movement in the prebreeding season is probably related to oviposition, which occurs from late August to early September. In addition, in the nonbreeding season, from winter to spring, Andrias japonicus remained in, essentially, the same site. Therefore, the seasonal movements observed in this study can be considered "breeding migration" in the stream-dwelling amphibian, the Japanese giant salamander.
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