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Article type: Cover
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
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Published: December 31, 1956
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Article type: Cover
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
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Published: December 31, 1956
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Article type: Appendix
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
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Makoto NUMATA
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
89-93
Published: December 31, 1956
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Toshihiko MIZUNO, Tadashi FUNAKAWA
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
93-96
Published: December 31, 1956
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We observed the social behavior of the jumping spider, a common species of spider being found on board fences, earthen walls, etc. The spiders wander about within 2-3 m of diameters ranging on the surface of their habitat for a considerable period of time, when their population density is low without extraneous intervention, though some spiders may be observed to pass on. As the density becomes high, their behavior ranges appear to lie one on top of the other, but their individual positions are actually kept apart for more than a certain distance moment by moment. If they come within 20 cm with each other, they fight, with the result that the inferior spider escapes and that the required distance is restored again. So the dominant one has always a control over the subdominant within such a definite area and the dynamic equilibrium is kept during their continual migration carried on with a chain-reaction according to their social order. When the most dominant spider occupies the best position, it shows, though temporarily, the behavior like that of the trout (Plecoglossus altivelis), which has its own territory and home range. Experimentally we bred and observed the jumping spider in a cube-shaped glass box, and obtained almost the same results as could observe out doors. They wander about on the separate internal faces of the box while their population density is low. As the density becomes high, their behavior ranges apparently lie upon another, but they keep a definite distance from one another, except when they start fighting now and then. When the density becomes still higher, the inferior reduces its range of behavior, or stays in its nest, keeping quiet. The jumping spider, therefore, can be considered to have its behavior range, which is affected by its social order. But it may be said that the stability or fixity of their range of behavior is still in a weak stage in many ways.
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Moritosi TANIGUTI
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
96-98
Published: December 31, 1956
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The deciduous forest in Miura peninsula, Kanagawa Prefecture and its relation to the climax forest in this area have been studied. The forest is a secondary one, destitute of the 1st layer. The 2nd layer is dominated by Quercus serrata reaching about 8 m in height. The 3rd layer is composed of deciduous trees, such as Pourthiaea laevis, Callicarpa japonica, Viburnum erosum var. punctatum, Quercus acutissima, Castanea crenata, Stephanandra incise, Viburnum dilatatum f. pilosulm, Dentxia sieboldii, accompanied not frequently with seedlings of ever-green trees such as Shiia sieboldii and Aucuba japonica, which are distinct in the climax forest of this region. The 4th layer is nearly closed with Pleioblastus chino, about 0.5 m high, but frequently Rosa polyantha, Ophiopogon japonicus, Bladhia japonica Liriope muscari var. communis and other herbs are found. The forest, therefore, may be classified as Quercus serrata-Pleioblastus chino association, which developed as a secondary coppiced forest after the destruction of the climax forests of Shiia sieboldii and Machilus thunbergii. Most of the forests found in this peninsula is the Quercus serrata-Pleioblastus chino association, which occurs widely in Japan from Tohoku to Kinki.
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Ryonosuke OKUNO, [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japa ...
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
99-102
Published: December 31, 1956
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Excellent studies on the social structure of fish in relation to territoriality have been done with Plecoglossus altivellis by MIYADI et al. In marine fishes, however, territoriality is very scarce in comparison with schooling habit. This paper records of the schooling habit of young Girella punctata, a common reef fish along the Japanese coast. Diving observations were performed in summer of 1955 at a reef near the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory of Kyoto University. The feature of the station is shown in figure 2. Young individuals feed actively in the daytime, and stay in shallow water near the coast at night. In the morning, they form large schools and do not feed at this time. But in daytime, schools are divided into smaller groups and they begin to feed actively (Fig. 2). In a school, all individuals of this species swim in the same direction and show the same behavior. On the other hand, the school is unstable, i. e., separation and fusion of schools are very common (Fig. 4). There are no structures as social hierarchy or leadership as are observed in mammalian herds. The territorial behavior of this fish may be seen in a tide pool. but a greater part of its life is maintained as a member of a school in the open sea. It is only by chance that the young of this fish remains in a tide pool. Thus, the territorial life of this fish has no important meaning to the natural life.
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Nobuo NOMOTO
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
102-107
Published: December 31, 1956
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The deciduous broadleaved forests dominated by beech (Fagus crenata) and oak (Quercus crispula) are found widely in the cool temperate mountains of Japan. The oak forest has been regarded as a seral forest succeded by the beech climax forest. 1) Three stands in the beech-oak forests of Okutama near Tokyo were researched comparatively by the author, and the process of ruin and rise between the oak and beech is illustrated in Fig. 2. The typical beech forest (C) might be regarded as stable for a long time, because there grew a great number of young beeches, while the oak forest (A) is regarded as unstable because it had none of its own inheritors, but beech ones. This fact shows clearly that the oak forest would be gradually succeeded by the beech forest with the progress of time. 2) In order to analyse such a process of succession mentioned above, the author applied the analytical method of MONSI and OSHIMA (1955). On the basis of the mutual action between the main physiological action of plants (production of matter-photosynthesis) and the main environmental condition in a forest (light intensity), the height-growth curves of young trees of oak and beech in the forest communities of various densities were calculated and drawn as shown Figs. 6 and 7. The fact of young trees under the Sasa-layer in the forest was also discussed.
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Akio OTAKE
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
107-112
Published: December 31, 1956
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1) In 1955 and 1956m, investigations were carried out on the first brood of emergency of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis WALKER, and its egg parasites, Trichogramma japonicum ASHMRAD and Phanurus beneficiens ZEHNTER, in rice nurseries at several places in Matsue City. 2) The number of egg masses deposited by the moth was daily recorded in a rice nursery at Nogi, Matsue City, and it was found that the distribution of egg masses in that nursery was heterogeneous. 3) The densities of the egg masses were almost similar, in a relatively limited region, excepting a few nurseries of high densities. There was no tendency that the size of egg mass, i.e. the total number of eggs composing an egg mass, was significantly large in such a nursery of high densities as mentioned above. 4) The local distribution of egg masses was investigated at Ikuma, Matsue City, in 1956. This district is flat and is uniform in the rice cultivation, but the density of egg mass in a rice nursery was significantly lower at a certain region than of other parts of the district. 5) There was a tendency that the percentage of parasitism of egg masses was low in the rice nursery of high density of host egg. This phenomenon seems to be explainable assuming that the number of adult parasites is nearly constant regardless of the host density in a rice nursery.
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Kyoichi MATSUOKA
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
113-116
Published: December 31, 1956
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The classification of sesame varieties is generally made in several ways, namely, the color of the seed, the duration of the growth, the sowing season and the type of branching. Nevertheless it is rather hard to define the varieties exactly, because they differ according to changes of conditions for cultivation. In this paper, the classification of sesame varieties viewed from the standpoint of their light sensitivity will bes discussed. (1) The material used in the experiments were 30 in number taken out of eight countries, inincluding Japan. Three varieties of them were brought from the producing country through U.S.A. They were sown on June 30,1955. Then treatment was exercised from July 10 and continued through August 10,and after treatment their growth was put to their natural conditions. The treatment was as follows : (2) Check plot : (N) Cultivation under natural conditions. Short-day treatment : (S) Exposure of eight hours per day (9A.M.-5P.M). Long-day treatment : (L) In the day time, by natural exposure, at night illuminated all night with two bulbs of 100 w. from the distance of 1.5 M. (N), (S) and (L) are days required from seedling to flowering. (3) As to the percentage of comparison of light sensitivity, the following formulas are proposed : a) Promoted flowering percentage by Short-day =(N-S)/N×100 b) Promoted flowering percentage by Long-day =(N-L)/N×100 c) Delayed flowering percentage by Long-day =(L-N)/N×100 d) Percentage of light sensitivity =(L-S)/N×100 (4) By the results of the experiment the varieties were classified into the following 5 groups : 1) A group being highly sensitive to both Short-day and Long-day conditions. 2) A group being more sensitive to Short-day, while low to Long-day conditions. 3) A group being less sensitive to Short-day, but more to Long-day conditions. 4) A group being highly sensitive to Long-day conditions. (5) This district is in the latitude of 30°40' North. The sowing season is from the beginning of May to the end of June. The percentage of light sensitivity of sesame under natural conditions increases by Long-day than Short-day, according the early, middle and late maturing varieties. (6) With regard to the temperature sensitivity, which has a close relationship with light sensitivity, further research is required.
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Tetsushi SENTA, Noboru HOSHINO, Isamu MORI
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
116-120
Published: December 31, 1956
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Tatsuichi TSUJII
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
120-124
Published: December 31, 1956
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Halophyte vegetation of Kaki-Jima is characterized by the islet composed of the natural oyster beds. The first ecological report of this vegetation was made by TATEWAKI and YAMANAKA (1939), they divided the communities into three sociations. That is; 1) Elymus mollis-Senecio pseudo-Arnica soc. ; 2) Triglochin marilimum-Glaux maritima soc. ; 3) Aster tripolium-Puccinellia kurilensis soc.. According to the result of the investigation in 1955,the total number of the islet is about 10 at low tide. Among them, the plant growing is only limited in two islets, in spite of the former report recorded the plant grew in six islets. Influence of floating ice and wave action has disrupted the communities and that successional trends. In 1955,the Elymus mollis-Polygonum aviculare var. vegetum soc. was found and substituted by the Elymus mollis-Senecio pseudo-Arnica soc. Salicornia europaea communities invaded in the salt marsh. It was noticiable that Aster tripolium-Puccinellia kurilensis soc. was rather widely extended. On the final changes, the succession of these communities may be led to a single community composed of Triglochin maritima sociation.
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Hideaki SHINKAW
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
124-127
Published: December 31, 1956
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This paper deals with the distribution of the two oysters, Ostrea echinata and Ostrea laperousei, based upon the ecological and physiological methods. 1) Materials used for this investigation are O. echinata and O. laperousei which were attached on the rocks in Mukoujina, Hiroshima City. In their habitats, these oysters often populate densely the high levels in the ravines of rocks in which rainwater flows temporarily into the sea. O. laperousei is situated on the rock of the high water level, on the other hand O. echinata is found on the rock of the low water level, the difference of vertical distributions of the two species of oyster was generally seen in the field and their habitats showed perfect segregation. On the contrary the area where no ravine was found is populated only by O. echinata (Figs. 1,2 and 3) 2) The oysters of the two species used for the experiment of the ciliary activity were collected from same water level in adjacent areas. The ciliary activity of the gills showed different results between the two species. Namely, in normal sea water obtsined from their habitat, gill cilia of O. echinata showed a higher activity than that of O. laperousei. While in dilute sea water, O. laperousei showed a higher activity than O. echinata (Fig. 4). 3) Seasonal changes of glycogen and fat contents were measured in the two species collected from same water level. Glycogen content decreased in both species as the season progressed, from May to August, thereafter it increased slowly. Fat content in O. echinata showed a minimum in August, thereafter it increased gradually. But fat content in O. laperousei fluctuated in great degrees from April to June (Fig. 5).
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Akira UMEZAWA
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
128-130
Published: December 31, 1956
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The pure thicket of Rhododendron dauricum has been preserved at the Onneyu Spa. In Japan, such a pure community having an area of 2.7 ha is hardly found. It is developed on the rocky slope. The writer analyzed its thicket by the belt-transect method as shown in the figure. It is represented rather diagrammatically, but it gives a good concept of that thicket which will be kept under the law of the nature protection of Hokkaido.
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Article type: Appendix
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
130-132
Published: December 31, 1956
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Hideya CHIKAKI, Akio OTAKE
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
132-
Published: December 31, 1956
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Shingo SAKAKIBARA
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
132-
Published: December 31, 1956
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Gotaro YAMAMOTO
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
132-
Published: December 31, 1956
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Masaharu ITO
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
132-
Published: December 31, 1956
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Tatuo KIRA, Kazuo HOZUMI, Husato OGAWA, Yoshikazu UENO
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
132-
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Junko KAWAMURA
Article type: Article
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
132-
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Article type: Appendix
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
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Published: December 31, 1956
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Article type: Cover
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
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Published: December 31, 1956
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Article type: Cover
1956 Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages
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Published: December 31, 1956
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