JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY
Online ISSN : 2424-127X
Print ISSN : 0021-5007
ISSN-L : 0021-5007
Volume 7, Issue 3
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
  • Article type: Cover
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages Cover1-
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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  • Article type: Cover
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages Cover2-
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages App1-
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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  • Hiromu OHASHI, Mutsu SHINAGAWA
    Article type: Article
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 85-89
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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    I. As for a method to analize the vernalization phase of plants, we suggest one consisting of three stages as follows. In the first stage ; a preliminary test is under the conditions of a certain temperature, moisture(moisture content of seeds) and period to discover the proper method of vernalization according to the nature of each kind of plants. In the second stage ; we vernalize at various temperatures, and analize the influence of the temperature on the plants. On this occasion it is better to keep the moisture and period constant, but if it is difficult, one of them is made to change suitably. In the third stage ; we clarify the influence of moisture and period on plants at the most effective temperature. II. On April 12,1956,we sowed three groups of "yamajiao" seeds vernalized at 25℃ for 4 days, at 15℃ for 6 days and at 5℃ for 10 days respectively, together with the unvernalized control. This experiment belongs to the second stage mentioned above. "Yamajiso" contains essential oil(Oleum Moslae)of which the main constituent is thymol. Thymol serves as an insecticide. 1) The 25℃-treated group is the best in promoting the development of plants. The height of plants, the yield of crop and the thymol content of this group are the greatest in those of the three groups and the control. It seems that this group is most advantageous in cultivation. 2) The 15℃-treated group promotes the development next to the 25℃-treated one. The height of plants, the yield of crop and the thymol content of this group are almost equal to those of the control. 3) The 5℃-treated group promotes the development only a little. The height of plants, the yield of crop and the thymol content of this group are lower than those of the control.
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  • Yoshihiro WADA
    Article type: Article
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 90-93
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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    1. The percentage of infection in the artificial inoculation and the antifungal actions of lipids, especially of volatile ones which are assumed to be a mixture of free short-chain saturated fatty acids obtained from the entire bodies were compared with each other to two species of pathogenic fungi, Isaria farinosa(DICKS)and Spicaria pracina(MAUBL.)between two groups of insects, i.e., between larvae of Chilo simplex BUTLER(Lepidoptera), imagines of Coccinella bruckii MULSANT(Coleoptera), larvae of Dendrolimus spectabilis BUTLER (Lepidoptera) and imagines of Agonum magnus BATES (Coleoptera) all of which are proved in nature to be highly susceptible to the infection of Isaria farinosa but resistant to Spicaria pracina and larvae of Barathra brassicae L.(Lepidoptera), larvae of Hemerophila atrilineata BUTLER (Lepidoptera) and Locusta danica L. (Orthoptera) which possess equally a marked degree of natural resistance to the infection of Isaria but succumb readily to the disease by Spicaria. 2. Artificial inoculation experiments show that the percentages of infection to Spicaria pracina are exceedingly low but high to Isaria farinosa in all anti-Spicaria insects which were proved so in the field in constrast to the results of anti-Isaria insects in which the percentages are high to Spicaria but low to Isaria except in the case of Locusta danica which is more resistant to Spicaria than to Isaria differing from the results of field observation. 3. The antifungal actions of lipids, especially of volatile ones obtained from the entire bodies of the anti-Spicaria insects are more powerful to the development of Spicaria pracina than to that of Isaria farinosa, while the substances from the anti-Isaria species act more vigorously to Isaria than to Spicaria except in the case of Locusta which shows the same relation with the anti-Spicaria insects. 4. The phenomenon of the species-specificity between the pathogenic fungi and the host insects in the field may be explained in part by the antifungal activities of body lipids of the related insects. 5. The fact that the results of the artificial inoculation and the antifungal actions of insect lipids are in good agreement with those observed in nature will conversely tell the fact that some species of insects may be susceptible to a particular infecting fungus, but not even to those of a closely related genus.
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  • Takahide HOSOKAWA, Makoto OMURA, Yukio NISHIHARA
    Article type: Article
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 93-98
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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  • Hideo HUKUDA, Taiji KAMEOKA
    Article type: Article
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 98-102
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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    1. The counts of pecking and of being pecked fluctuate periodically and parallel with each other, while those of females vary with less undulation than those of males, as shown in Fig. 1. This seems to indicate the sexual difference in the extent of "peck-activity"rather than that in the mode of "peck-fluctuation". Fig. 1 reveals a still more important fact that the "peck-fluctuation" of younger males is not conspicuous during the early period, but at some points it beings to show high peaks. 2. In each male, there occur one or three remarkable peaks. The week from which they start is different with individuals. At the first peak, each male tries to peck almost all the other individuals, but, at the second and the third peaks, he appears to direct his pecks mainly to the same sex. In addition, he often shows a tendency to try to peck one or a few specified individuals with somewhat more vioient dashes. The relation between males and their objects of pecking is tabulated in Table 1 together with the number of pecking per hour. 3. Table 2 shows the combination of the pairs and the time at which they were formed during the period of observation. No.1 Male had already mated with No.2 Female at the beginning of the observation and No.8 Male mated with No.3 Female at the end of the first week. No. 7 Male mated with No.5 Female at the 9th week. The time of pair-formation agrees fairly well with the first peak in the fluctuation of pecking activity of each male. Establishment of a pair is characterized by the fact that a male pecks his prospective partner persistently before, but seldom after, mating. 4. The critical periods of the affairs such as egg-laying, incubating, hatching of eggs, and rearing offsprings seem to be reflected better in the fluctuation of the pecking number of males than in the pecked number of females. The number of pecking of a male attains peaks before egg-laying of his partner and after hatching of eggs. These relations are also recognized even in the case in which No.1 Male consorted with No.4 Female without forming a pair till the 8th week and the latter laid eggs under such a condition. An exception to this is formed by the pair of No.7 Male and No.5 Female, which failed to incubate their first eggs. The pecked number of females shows somewhat noticeable features only after hatching of eggs and before the next egg-laying throughout the breeding cycle.
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  • Tsugiwo YAMANAKA
    Article type: Article
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 102-
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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  • Saburo NISHIMURA, Isao OKACHI
    Article type: Article
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 103-107
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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    Examinations were made on the stomach content of the mackerel Pneumatophorus japonicus(HOUTTUYN)caught by purse seine boats off the southern districts of Niigata Prefecture during the period from late February to late March, 1957. The fish were determined to be under the overwintering demersal period or phase. The results are brlefly summarized as follows : 1. The stomach content was generally small in weight and the majority of the specimens had empty stomachs during the period of the low water temperature which lasted from late Februaty to middle March. Occaslonally much-fed individual or individuals were observed, their diets being composed in the main of large-sized Enphausia pacifica and of small-sized fishes and squids in less frequency. The poor feeding during this period was considered to be due to the scarcity in food animals available to the mackerel, not to the suspension of feeding activity, if any, in the fish by some physiological causes. 2. From middle March onwards, however, the stomach content increased in weight and its specific composition also markedly changed. Several kinds of remarkably fatty copepods and amphipods were abundaatly contained in addition to euphausiids. This fact was supposed to be due to the corresponding change and enrichment in the zooplankton population of the mackerel habitat caused by the shoreward drift and thriving of representative cold-water plankton crustaceans of the Japan Sea such as Calanus plumchrus. Cal. cristatus, Metridia lucens and Parathemisto oblivia. 3. It may be of special interest to note that the mackerel fished in late March voraciously fed on large amounts of the V copepodite-stage larvae of Calanus cristatus, one of the most distinguished copepod species of the arctic or subarctic elements.
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  • Harumi OCHI, Toshio SASAKI
    Article type: Article
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 108-111
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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    Osmotic values of the cell-sap in Conocephalus conicus were investigated by the plasmolysis method. As to the seasonal fluctuation, the following were recognized(Fig. 1) : The value descends promptly in April ; this seems to represent dehardening of the plant itself caused by temperature ascension. It is low in summer and becomes higher towards winter when the plant results in its hardening state by temperature descension. But it is exceptionally very high in August especially in the newest branches of thalli which grow somewhat apart from the ground ; this is perhaps caused by dryness of the environment because the weather is very dry in this month in our district. In the isolated thallus, the value is the lowest at the growing point, higher at more basal (older) parts. higher at marginal parts than median ones (Fig. 2) and higher at the upper surface than at the lower one (Table 1). In view of these facts, this liverwort seems to belong to the endohydric plants as suggested by H. BUCH^2). To our interest, the disk of the archegoniophore and thallus are almost isotonic with each other even when the former is held on the slender and long (up to about 7 cm in length) stalk in which the osmotic value is low as about 1/2 as those in the thallus and the disk (Fig. 3). These facts perhaps prove that the transpiration stream does not occur through the stalk. : The daily march of the osmotic values shows fair rhythmicity in September, but little fluctuation in winter even if the measurement is carried out on fine days(Fig. 4).
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  • Ichitaro TAMURA, Kazuo KEGASAWA
    Article type: Article
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 111-114
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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  • Shoichi SAWARAGI
    Article type: Article
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 115-117
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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    The present investigation was carried out in Tsudai-mura, Kochi Prefecture, Southwest Shikoku. The area is the same as reported in the preceding study on the epiphytic bryophyte community of Shiia cuspidata MAKINO (1957,159-162)^<7)>. In this area, the epiphytic bryophyte communities of Pinus densiflora SIEB. et ZUCC. (Nakao and Kukutsuke) were investigated in two places by the writer. (see Table 1.) The total number of sample trees are twenty. On the whole, the recognized general characters of the epiphytic bryophyte community on Pinus densiflora SIEB. et ZUCC. were : 1) On the trunk of sample trees there were found 17 species of Hepaticae and 9 species of Musci. 2) Frequent species in this epiphytic bryophyte community are Microlejeunea punctiformis, Ptychocoleus nipponicus and Frullania truncatifolia. 3)A greater number of epiphytic species were recognized on the north and east sides of a trunk than on the west. 4) The physiognomy of this community is characterized by the growth-form of frequent species such as Microlejeunea punctiformis, Ptychocoleus nipponicus and Frullania truncatifolia. The chief growth-form is the Hardly pressed mat type(Hp).
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  • Nobuhiro TAKATA
    Article type: Article
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 117-119
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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    The larvae developed in the cabbge field decidedly prefer cabbage leaves to radish leaves, and the larvae grown in the radish field tend to prefer radish leaves. The preference behavior in the former is more conspicuous than in the latter^<3)>. This paper deals with the results of the preference test of the cabbage butterfly larvae for cabbage and radish leaves coated with cabbage or radish juices, especially of the analysis of the mechanism of food preference. The results are summarized as follows : 1) The larvae developed in the cabbage field decidedly prefer cabbage leaves to radish leaves when both leaves are coated with radish juice, but they show no precise tendency in preference when the leaves are coated with cabbage juice. 2)The larvae grown in the radish field prefer cabbage leaves to radish leaves when both leaves are coated with radish juice, but when the leaves are coated with cabbage juice the preference is not so distinct. 3)According to the results of the above experiments, it seems that the chemical attractants of the cabbage and radish leaves are the most important factor for the food preference of cabbage butterfly lervae. It was ascertained that the difference in the food plants of the larvae caused the difference in the character of preferring food plants.
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  • Mituo YAMAMOTO
    Article type: Article
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 120-123
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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    Kidney bean seeds were soaked in tap water filtrated through the ion exchange resin. No bean seeds germinated in water. The moist seeds which had been swollen before soaking in water by placing them on moist absorbent cotton at 25℃ for 24 hours or at 2℃ for 96 hours germinated during soaking process by passing air through the water in which the seeds were soaked. The seeds were soaked in water before the radicle protruded. BARTON(1950)confirmed that carbon dioxide prevented the harmful effects of soaking. It was shown, however, that exposure of the moist seeds to air excluded carbon dioxide during soaking process resulted similarly in germination in water. In this case, cracking occurred in the radicle somewhat. The temperatures of pretreatment which caused the moisture content of seeds to increase had no influence on the germination during soaking process. Air-dry seeds which had decreased in moisture content by placing them in a desiccator with calcium chloride were soaked in water in the same manner. In this case, in spite of passing air through the water in which the seeds were soaked, no seeds germinated during soaking process or after removing them from water. The germinative capacity of the dry seeds was prevented by soaking them in non-aerated water at 25℃ for a short period. Soaking in non-aerated water at 25℃ for 74 hours prevented also the germinative capacity of the moist seeds. Moist and dry seeds were soaked at 25℃ for 72 hours in water varying from 0.5 to 3.0cm in depth. The moist seeds which were soaked in water 0.5 cm deep, a portion of a seed being exposed to the air, germinated during soaking process, but the dry seeds germinated neither during soaking process nor after removing them from water. Soaking in water more than 1.5cm in depth prevented the germinative capacity of all seeds. The quantity of oxygen which dissolved in non-aerated water in which the seeds were soaked was very small after soaking at 25℃ for 72 hours. The condition free from oxygen impeded the germinative capacity of the moist seeds after 72 hours. KIDD and WEST(1919)stated that there were three plausible hypotheses for the dereterious effects of soaking bean seeds ; 1. Disorganized metabolism resulting from deficiency in oxygen supply and accumulation of carbon dioxide ; 2. Leaching out of essential soluble food reserve ; and 3. A combination of 1 and 2. They did not think it was due to the lack of oxygen. ALBAUM(1940)showed that exposure of oat seeds to an excess of oxygen during soaking resulted in abnormal germination. BARTON(1950)described that any disorganization of the metabolism of the seed was not due to either to a deficiency in oxygen supply or to an accumulation of carbon dioxide, but rather the reverse might apply. The experimental results described in the present paper show that the injurious effects of long-continued soaking in water on the germination of the moist seeds which have increased their moisture contents before soaking in water are ascribed to deficiency in oxygen supply, but as for soaking of the dry seeds, the other factors are harmful to their germination. It seems that the soaking injury of the dry seeds occurs as a result of cracking of the seeds by rapid absorption of water and a loss of essential cell constituents during the soaking periods.
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  • Shizue YANAGISHIMA
    Article type: Article
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 123-126
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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    1. When the fresh water killifish(Oryzias latipes T.&S.)was put into artificial sea water suddenly, it died within a short time, but when it was acclimatized gradually to increasing concentrations of salinity, it could survive even in 51‰ of salinity. (Figs. 1,2. Tables 1,2) 2. The fishes adapted to the artificial sea water could lay eggs, but they did not hatch. The spawning time of the adapted fishes began two months later in a year than that of the normal fishes. 3. The adapted fishes showed no change within 48 hours, when they were suddenly put into fresh water from the artificial sea water. (Table 3)Juding from the facts described above, it can be seen that the adaptability of the killifish to saline water is very great.
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  • Tsukasa KUSUMOTO
    Article type: Article
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 126-130
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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    The temperature-photosynthesis and respiration curves of Shiia Sieboldii, Machilus Thunbergii, Distylium racemosum, Rapanaea neriifolia, Illicium religiosum, Quercus glauca ; Myrica rubra, Lithocarpus edulis, Symplocos lucida, Camellia japonica, Eurya japonica and Cinnamomum camphora were measured in order for the ecological study of evergreen broad-leaved forest on the basis of the production of matter(plant production). The relative daily gross photosynthetic production was calculated from these curves at each temperature and further the seasonal change of net photosynthetic production was calculated from these relative daily gross production. In the analysis of plant community on the basis of plant production, it seems that light influences directly the structure of the community, on the contrary, temperature affects the plant distribution and the plant distribution controls the composition and structure of the community. Among the 12 plants, the net production of the year and the seasonal production were different. The production of C. japonica, I. religiosum, S. Sieboldii, M.. rubra, E. japonica fell not remarkably in winter and those of S. lucida, S. sieboldii, Q. glauca were very high at high temperature in summer. Other plants, especially, M. Thunbergii, D. racemosum, L. edulis were high in spring and autumn. It is recognized that this fact correlates to their distribution. However, since many problems affecting the plant production still remain, they are reserved for another opportunity.
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages App2-
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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  • Article type: Cover
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages Cover3-
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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  • Article type: Cover
    1957 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages Cover4-
    Published: October 31, 1957
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2017
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