Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice

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It is known that when two ice rods are rubbed asymmetrically, the ice rod with the constant rubbing point is electrified negatively, and the other ice rod with the variable rubbing point is electrified positively. It is considered that this frictional electrification is caused by the temperaure difference in the two rubbing points on the ice rods. (The constant rubbing point becomes warmer than the variable rubbing point).
Experiments of such frictional electrification of ice rods were carried out at various room temperatures below freezing, and the changes in fine structure of the rubbed ice surface were observed under a polarizing microscope. As a result, the following facts were found :
1. At temperatures colder than -10°C, the warmer ice was electrified negatively as it was generally found hitherto, but when the rubbing was continued, the sign of electrification changed to the opposite.
2. At temperatures warmer than -5°C, the warmer ice was electrified positively from the beginning of the rubbing experiment, which is quite different from the results obtained hitherto.
3. When the sign of electrification became the opposite of results hitherto, the area of rubbed surface of the warmer ice showed numerous fine polygonal patterns which indicates that the structure of the rubbed surface changed from single crystal to a polycrystalline.

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This paper deals with the results of attenuating measurement and calculation at microwave frequency on a deposited snow layer. The maximum thickness of snow layer measured is about 30 cm, which gives a total pass gain reduction of 18 dB. The calculation is based on the concept of the equivalent transmission network theory used by electrical engineers. Measured insertion loss data snow good agreement with the theoretical.

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