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Volume 39 (1977)
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Volume 39, Issue Special
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 29Keiji Higuchi1977 Volume 39 Issue Special Pages 1-2
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (246K) -
Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 30Shigeo Moribayashi, Keiji Higuchi1977 Volume 39 Issue Special Pages 3-6
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe glaciers in the Mt. Sagarmatha (Everest) region can be classified into two types, namely, “debris-covered type glacier” and debris-free “clean type glacier”. The sizes of the former type are large, the latter small. The difference of elevation between the present terminus of the clean type glaciers and the most recent terminal moraine in the Gyajo area was 300400 m.View full abstractDownload PDF (519K) -
Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 31Yoshiyuki Fujii, Keiji Higuchi1977 Volume 39 Issue Special Pages 7-14
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStatistical analyses were performed on the relation between the glacier forms and the topographic conditions of the glacier basins, using an inventory of the glaciers in the Khumbu Himal where climatic conditions can be considered as nearly uniform in the Great Himalayas.
An apparent difference was found between the dimensions of glaciers without debris (C-type glaciers) and those covered with debris (D-type glaciers), the latter being 15 times larger in area and 5 times longer in length on the average.
The correlation between the dimensions of glaciers and their basins is better in the case of glaciers covered with ablation moraine than glaciers without ablation moraine. The large-sized glaciers, having large area, long length, and high upper limit, develop in bigger basins with higher summits, longer basin ridges and wider valleys. However the positions of the lower limits of the glaciers are independent of the dimensions of the glacier basin.
There are good correlations between glacier area and basin area, and between debris covered area and rock face area. Therefore, it would be reasonable to consider that the total precipitation in the area of basin above the firn line controls the size of the glacier, and the debris on the glacier surface were supplied from the rock face of the basin.
After multiple regression analysis by forward selection, elements representing the form of the glaciers were related to elements representing the form of the basins by a regression equation.View full abstractDownload PDF (1262K) -
Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 32Jiro Inoue1977 Volume 39 Issue Special Pages 15-19
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe mass budget of Khumbu Glacier is estimated on the basis of ablation observation at the lower part of the glacier. The accumulation is calculated assuming that there is uniform precipitation on the glacier surface. The total ablation from the glacier is more than triple of the accumulation by the snowfall on the glacier. Mass supply from the surrounding walls is necessary for the mass balance of the glacier. The latter is estimated to be more than double of the direct snowfall onto the glacier. This suggests the possibility that snowfall at 7000-8000m is of the same order as observed at 4000m.View full abstractDownload PDF (749K) -
Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 33Yoshiyuki Fujii1977 Volume 39 Issue Special Pages 20-21
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: May 07, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to examine the role of supraglacial debris during ablation, a field experiment was carried out on a snowpatch beside the Rikha Samba Glacier, Hidden Valley. Black phyllite sand was scattered on nine test fields varying in thickness from about 0.5 cm to 8 cm. The thickness of the debris cover and the amount of surface ablation by melting of snow were measured carefully at 5 points in each test field. The results are as follows : (1) The ablation rate was accelerated under a thin debris layer and was retarded under a thick one as compared with that of a natural snow surface. The critical thickness of the debris layer was 1.6 cm. (2) The acceleration of ablation was greatest under a debris cover 0.5 cm thick.View full abstractDownload PDF (1989K) -
Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 34Hisao Wushiki1977 Volume 39 Issue Special Pages 22-25
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe arrangement of the ice cliffs in Kongma Glacier was sketched and each cliff face was numbered for identification and for comparison in the future.
By close observation, many unconformities (at least four) were found. Five strata generally exist from the top to the first unconformity. The uppermost unconformity indicates lack of annual accumulation layers in the recent past.
The deuterium content profile of the top strata suggests the formation of two layers in one glacial budget year. But intensive stratigraphical investigation at higher altitude is necessary to settle the argument on Himalayan glacier stratification.View full abstractDownload PDF (4664K) -
Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 35Jiro Inoue, Akio Nagoshi1977 Volume 39 Issue Special Pages 26-29
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSnow pit studies were made on two glaciers in the Nepal Himalayas in different seasons and years. The depth of monsoonal snow cover increases with altitude on both glaciers. The constituents of the snow cover are mainly wet granulars with several thin ice layers in the monsoon season, while they refreeze in the post-monsoon season from the surface downwards. The lower boundary of the snow cover is a dirty layer and firm or super-imposed ice lies at its base. The formation of this firm or super-imposed ice is related to the process of the infiltration of surface melt water in the pre-season. Distribution of ice layer in the monsoonal snow cover may cause the development of super-imposed ice.View full abstractDownload PDF (580K) -
Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 36Hiroji Fushimi1977 Volume 39 Issue Special Pages 30-39
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGlaciers in the Nepal Himalaya are different from that in the other regions of the world, because it is composed of immense quantities of rock debris, sands and clays, and its shape and its mode of glacier flow are controlled by unique geological structures which have a great influence on the topography and climate of the Nepal Himalaya.
A glacier ice body is thought to be a compound ice body with different structural units and with certain physical properties of glacier ice and of insoluble materials. Each structural unit has characteristics of textures and structures. There are relationships between textures and structures found in the glacier ice body. In the lower ice body, where the strong shear movements are working, ice crystals are granulated to be fine grains and insoluble materials of clays, sands and rocks (which are brought from the bed rock) form the foliation structure. In the middle ice body, the bubble foliation structures are developed and ice crystals have two elongated directions with multiple maxima of the fabric pattern. The strongly elongated direction coincides with that of the glacier flow. In the upper ice body, the ice crystals are polygonal and the bubbles are spherical. The ice body shows no preferred orientation of crystal c-axes without the bubble foliation. Though those textural as well as structural elements are formed under conditions of glacier flow, the glacier flow itself is deeply influenced by the textural and structural elements.
Glaciers in the Khumbu region are classified according to structural characteristics of the glacier ice body and there is found a sequence of glacier types which is related to the glacier flow, to topography such as ice falls and to climate such as accumulation and ablation conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (10397K) -
Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 37Hisao Wushiki1977 Volume 39 Issue Special Pages 40-42
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDeuterium Contents of river waters were measured monthly from August 1974 to July 1975 at the head of the Imja Khola (river). Although seasonal change is slight, momentary deuterium enrichment takes place in the beginning of monsoon caused by the extraordinary deuterium-rich precipitations. In the postmonsoon and winter seasons the change is at the least, and deuterium content in these periods may represent mean value for the regional glacial melt waters.
Deuterium contents of six rivers in the Sun Kosi drainage were measured, and they gave a large difference in the deuterium content. In a quite short distance about 100 km from east to west, remarkably large difference from -66.0‰ to -125.8‰, was observed. This large difference is interpreted by the various climatic conditions and complicated topography in the Himalayas.View full abstractDownload PDF (470K) -
Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 38Keiji Higuchi1977 Volume 39 Issue Special Pages 43-49
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS60% of the total precipitation during the monsoon season in the ablation area of the Rikha Samba glacier occurred at night in the form of snow. If this amount of precipitation occurred in the daytime in the form of rain, the ablation of glacier ice would increase instead of melting of snow deposited on the glacier surface. If so, the altitude of the glacier terminus is 70m higher than the present one, which corresponds to a 500m retreat of the terminus from the present position on the slope. It can be concluded from these estimations that the present position of the terminus of the Rikha Samba glacier has a relation to the tendency of precipitation in this area to occur frequently at night.View full abstractDownload PDF (981K) -
Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 39Hisao Wushiki1977 Volume 39 Issue Special Pages 50-56
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA total of 129 water samples of daily precipitations were collected at Lhajung (4420 m) from April 1974 to March 1975. Samples were collected for 124 days within 127 wet days. The deuterium content of each sample was measured by mass spectrometry. Specially high deuterium content was found in the pre-monsoon precipitations, while lowest content in the middle of the monsoon. Annual changes of deuterium content, air temperature, and precipitation amount are clearly divided into four stages. Analyzing the long term trend of daily deuterium content, deuterium rich precipitations in pre-monsoon are attributed to the direct transport of water vapour from the Indian Ocean to the Himalayas without much rainfall on the way. The history of isotopic depletion caused by rainfall at the Indian coast is analyzed, showing the travelling time from the coast near Calcutta to the Mt. Sagarmatha region to be about four days in the wet season.View full abstractDownload PDF (999K) -
Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 40Hisao Wushiki1977 Volume 39 Issue Special Pages 57-59
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo observe the altitude effect on the deuterium content of precipitation, two sampling projects were conducted to collect precipitation waters. One is long term sampling by simple rain gauges installed along mountain slopes. Another is simultaneous daily precipitation sampling at two different altitudes.
Both of them have sufficient altitude differences, about 1000 m for each.
The result could not be explained either by the depletion or by the enrichment of heavy isotopes in the precipitation caused by altitude.
It can be regarded as some kind of precipitational amount effect, but still the whole process cannot be grasped.View full abstractDownload PDF (354K) -
Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 41Hiroji Fushimi1977 Volume 39 Issue Special Pages 60-67
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Great Himalayas are located along a boundary zone of geological, geomorphological and climatological phenomena and there is a ceaseless upheaval of the Himalayas that changes and influences to the topography and the climate. A glacier is a compound phenemenon related to the geological history, changes of the topography and climate which affect the characteristics of the glaciers of the Himalayas.
Glaciation as well as fluctuation studies on glaciers in the Khumbu Himal, East Nepal, were carried out since 1970. Fluctuating phenomena were observed and there are alternate periods of snow-deposition and erosion years, and the deposition period ranges from 4 to 9 years. There are also found the fluctuations of terminus movements of the Gyajo Glacier which retreated by 23 m/yr from 1970 to 1973, but advanced by 2 m/yr since 1973.
The shape of the recent moraines has a similarity to that of the surge glacier reported in the other parts of the world and there is a possibility that the recent moraines were formed by the rapid advancement of the glacier ice body.
The past U-shaped valleys are classified into three series; U-1, U-2 and U-3. The U-1 and U-2 series have two stages, but the U-3 series has three stages which are further divided into several substages. The series of U-shaped valleys shows that the younger the age of the U-shaped valley is, the deeper the cliff of the valley is, and also the smaller the scale is. This suggests that the topographic changes take an irreversible course which tends to preferentially form the type of the valley glacier in response to intense upheavals of the Great Himalayas and to intermittent glaciations, and glaciations of this region is getting smaller through Quaternary period as the Great Himalayas have been rising.View full abstractDownload PDF (12091K)
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