Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice
Online ISSN : 1883-6267
Print ISSN : 0373-1006
Volume 41, Issue Special
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, ContributionNo. 61.
    Keiji Higuchi
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 1-4
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal Contribution No. 62 Project Report No.1 on “Studies on Supraglacial Debris of the Khumbu Glacier”
    Okitsugu Watanabe, Hiroji Fushimi, Jiro Inoue, Shuji Iwata, Koichi Ike ...
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 5-8
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 63 Project Report No.2 on “Studies on Supraglacial Debris of the Khumbu Glacier”
    Shuji Iwata, Okitsugu Watanabe, Hiroji Fushimi
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 9-17
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The surface morphology of the ablation area of the Khumbu Glacier in east Nepal was surveyed and the details were mapped. The ablation area includes a bare ice area as well as a debris-covered area. Of the complex surface morphologies, large debris-covered cones, large hollows, and irregular uneven surfaces can be identified. The irregular uneven surfaces are subdivided into eleven morphological units according to the morphological elements such as relative relief, directional features of ridges, and distribution of ice cliffs, lakes, and streams. The surface morphology change both in transverse and in longitudinal direction of the glacier.
    The distribution of 5 morphological elements, relative relief, directional feature of ridges, exposure of glacier ice including ice cliffs, lakes, and streams are shown. According to combine these morphological elements, a morphological classification is obtained. The large debris-covered cones, large hollows, and irregular uneven surface can be classified. The surface morphology change both in the transverse and longitudinal direction on the glacier. The summary of the longitudinal change of the morphology and the units is;
    (i) The wide bare ice area in the upper section of the ablation area between 7 km and 10 km from the terminus is a row-relief gentle morphology with the micro unevenness such as ice pinnacles (Units 10, 11, 3, 7).
    (ii) In the section between 7 km and 4.5 km from the terminus, the relative relief increases and streams with high ice cliffs are found (Units 3, 7, 5).
    (iii) In the section 4.5 km to 2 km upglacier from the terminus which includes the 2nd area, the relief attains the maximum and the morphology becomes very complicated. Many ice cliffs, lakes, and streams are located (Units 6, 8, 9).
    (iv) The terminal 2 km shows the relatively moderate relief with thick debris-mantle (Units 5, 4, 2, 1).
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 64 Project Report No. 3 on “Studies on Supraglacial Debris of the Khumbu Glacier”
    Hiroji Fushimi, Minoru Yoshida, Okitsugu Watanabe, Bidur Prasad Upadhy ...
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 18-25
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The Khumbu Glacier, Khumbu region, east Nepal, is a typical debris-covered glacier on the south side of the Great Himalayas.
    The occurrences, distributions and grain size measurements of the supraglacial debris of the Khumbu Glacier show the following results.
    1) The longitudinal zonal distributions with different kinds of debris can be traced even down to the glacier terminus. 2) The traverse zonal distributions of the schistose debris are found. 3) The schistose debris are mainly composed of pebbles and cobbles, while the granitic debris contained many boulders coarser than -8φ (256 mm in diameter). 4) The measurements of debris grain sizes shows that there are high contents of coarser debris found from area IV near the ice fall down to area II near the present active terminus, while there are low contents of coarser debris found in the area I of the stagnant ice body. 5) The supraglacial round debris are found in the area II near the present active terminus and in the area I of the stagnant ice body. 6) Layered englacial debris are also found at the ice cliff in the down-stream part of the Khumbu Glacier.
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 65 Project Report No. 4 on “Studies on Supraglacial Debris of the Khumbu Glacier”
    Jiro Inoue, Minoru Yoshida
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 26-33
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The role of supraglacial debris on the ablation of the Khumbu Glacier was studied based on the observational data of ablation and heat exchange over the glacial surface in the summer monsoon of 1978. The glacier was classified into 4 areas according to the characteristics of supraglacial debris. In the measurement of ablation, a different method suitable for each area was employed. An average ablation rate of 2.5 cm/dy was obtained in the upper half of the ablation area where glacier flow is active, while in the lower stagnant area it is less than 0.4 cm/dy due to a heavy debris load. Shortterm heat budget observations have shown that the solar radiation is the main heat source for ablation. The relation between ablation and solar radiation was examined in two areas. Schistose debris with low albedo and thin concentration plays a major role in the enhancement of ablation.
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 66
    Yutaka Ageta, Tetsuo Ohata, Yoichi Tanaka, Koichi Ikegami, Keiji Higuc ...
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 34-41
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Observation of mass balance of Glacier AX010 at the southern front of the Nepal Himalayas was made from June to September in 1978. Since much of the annual accumulation due to the monsoon. and ablation occur simultaneously in the summer, the separate measurement of the amounts of accu mulation and ablation is difficult in this area. Accumulation is estimated from the precipitation on the basis of the relation between the probability of occurrences of solid precipitation ana surface air temperature, and ablation is obtained from the difference between the accumulation and the observational results of the balance. The probability of occurrences of solid precipitation had different linear relations with the air temperature between daytime and nighttime. The relation of air temperature to the estimated ablation is expressed by a power function. Although the change of accumulation depended on air temperature, the ablation was much more sensitive to the change of air temperature. The average summer balance over the whole area of the glacier was negative, but the positive summer balance in recent years is deduced. It is concluded that the fluctuation of the summer temperature on glaciers in the Nepal Himalayas under the influence of the summer monsoon is important for the variation of mass balance.
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 67
    Tetsuo Ohata, Keiji Higuchi
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 42-47
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A heat balance study was done on the small glacier AX010 in Shorong Himal under weather conditions of air temperature (ave. 2.3°C), low humidity (ave. 7.0 mb), low wind speed (ave. 1.2 m/sec) and high cloud amount. For the whole observation period, the percentage of each component to the heat income was 87 % for net radiation, 12 % for sensible heat, and 1 % for latent heat.
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 68
    Tetsuo Ohata, Koichi Ikegami, Keiji Higuchi
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 48-54
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Variations of the albedo on Glacier AX010 were investigated during the summer monsoon season in 1978. In the lower part of the glacier where glacier ice appeared, one of the factors controlling the variation of the albedo is the amount of particulate matter. The albedo decreased in proportion to the increase in the grain size of snow. When the thickness of new snow is smaller than 25 mm, the albedo shows a smaller value than 0.8 which is the albedo of thick new snow surface. Frequent snow-fall and subsequent melting cause large variations of albedo in the summer season, especially in the lower part of the glacier.
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 69
    Yoichi Tanaka, Yutaka Ageta, Keiji Higuchi
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 55-61
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Temperature in the ice layer of a glacier in the Nepal Himalaya was measured during the summer monsoon season in 1978, and at the end of March and in early September in 1979. It can be concluded from the subsequent alalysis that ice temperature in the upper part of the glacier increased with heat conduction, and was not affected by latent heat with the formation of superimposed ice. The annual mean temperature in the ice layer of the glacier was estimated to be in the range from -2.3°3 to -3.1°C in the region between the altitudes of 5007 and 5195 m, with a lapse rate of 0.47°C/100 m, so the glacier is of the polar type. The amount of superimposed ice formed in summer was estimated from a temperature profile to be 3.4 cm in water equivalent at an altitude of 5195 m.
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 70.
    Hiroji Fushimi, Tetsuzo Yasunari, Haruo Higuchi, Akio Nagoshi, Okitsug ...
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 62-66
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The Glaciological Expedition of Nepal had two chartered flights in 1976 and nine flights in 1978 to almost all parts of the Nepal Himalayas, and more than 9, 000 photographs were taken in order to investigate the distribution and characteristics of glaciers in this region.
    The glacier classification of Watanabe (1976) is confirmed that there are the Nepal type glaciers with lower termini and the Tibet type glaciers with higher termini. In case comparative studies on the glacier size, it is necessary to check the location of the contemporary termini, since the debris-covered glacier does not show the exact present terminus and the present active terminus is located in the middle part of the debris-covered ice, but the debris-free glacier exactly show the present terminus.
    There is, in the Himlung Himal of the central Nepal, found the enormous glacial expansion stage of which is estimated to be the 16th century.
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 71.
    Kotaro Yokoyama, Shuji Iwata
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 67-70
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Six glaciers in Khumbu Himal were surveyed by the method of ground photogrammetry in order to make precise glacier maps and to measure the change of glaciers, i.e. the fluctuation of glacier termini, the volume change of glacier ice, the change of surface topography and so on. The picture scale was 1/1, 000-1/10, 000. Maps of Kongma Glacier and EB050 glacier were plotted with the scale of 1/1, 000 and contour interval of 4 m.
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 72.
    Hiroji Fushimi, Tetsuo Ohata
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 71-81
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    As a part of the Glaciological Expedition of Nepal (GEN), the fluctuations of the glacier termini of 15 glaciers were measured in the Dudh Kosi region, east Nepal, from 1970 to 1978. According to the fluctuation rate, the glaciers are classified into four groups; retreating (8 glaciers), stationary (3 glaciers), advancing (3 glaciers) and irregular (1 glacier). Many glaciers have been retreating in recent years. The retreating glaciers have gentle inclinations of less than 20°, no crevasses developed near the termini and the gentle terminal ice cliffs, while the advancing glaciers have steep inclinations of more than 20° and well-developed crevasses exist near the termini and steep cliff-like termini. The distributions of the present moraine also indicate that there is a receding trend with intermittent small scale advances during recent decades. The recent trend toward glacier retreat in this region can be thought as a link in the long-term receding trend since the 16th century.
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 73.
    Tetsuzo Yasunari
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 82-85
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the post-monsoon period, surface temperature at Ganesh and Langtang Himal areas were measured by an infrared (IR) radiometer on a Pilatus Turbo Porter aircraft. The results show the extremely high temperatures at bare and less vegetated surfaces of the Himalayan highland (over 4, 000 m) due to heating by strong solar radiation, and also large temperature differences between sunlit and shaded surfaces.
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 74
    Koichi Ikegami, Keiji Higuchi, Akira Ono
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 86-89
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Aircraft observation of aerosol particles was carried out for the first time in the atmosphere over the Nepal Himalayas on October 22, 1978. The sampling of aerosols was done at the ground (1320 m, al), 2000 m, 3000 m and 5600 m (asl) above Kathmandu, and 5600 m and 7800 m (asl) above Langtang Valley. Morphological studies of the collected particles by an electron microscope show that particles similar to the shape of sulfuric acid dominated above 5600 m, while ammonium sulfate particles dominated below 3000 m. On the basis of upper air sounding and cloud conditions, convective activities of the air can be considered to occur to the level of 5000 m corresponding to the change of aerosol types. Aerosols considered to be combustion products were superimposed at the ground in Kathmandu.
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 75.
    C. Nakajima, S.R. Chalise, M.L. Shrestha
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 90-99
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Fog occurs very frequently in Kathmandu Valley in the winter morning and disturbs the use of the airport and the other activities of the people. Only photographic observations of fog were carried out in December 1976, and the mechanism of fog formation in Kathmandu Valley was analyzed on the basis of meteorological data in January 1978. It was suggested that fog can be forecasted by meteorological analysis.
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 76.
    Jiro Inoue, Taiichi Hayashi
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 100-103
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The wind power available in the mountain and valley wind in the Nepal Himalayas is estimated through parameterization of the wind speed distribution by the Weibull distribution. The calculations were performed for winter, summer monsoon and pre-monsoon. The agreement between the actual wind and the Weibull distribution is good except in summer. The wind power in winter is 64 W/m2, which is almost the same as that in the pre-monsoon season and twice that in summer. Extracted power from a wind driven generator was 49 % of the rated power in winter and 26 % in summer if the machine has a rated speed of 7 m/s.
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  • Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 77
    Shuji Iwata, Yoshiyuki Fujii, Tetsuzo Yasunari
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 104-106
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    During the winter of 1975, two core drillings of lake sediments were carried out in Tsola-Tso, Khumbu Himal and two cores, 1.99 and 3.07 m long, were obtained. Preliminary observations of the core lithofacies were made and are summarized as follows. 1) The lithofacies show the alternation of fine and coarse materials. 2) The thickness of each layer varies from 0.5 to 15 cm. 3) The core is classified into three part from the lithofacies, that is, top to 90 cm depth, 90 to 150 cm depth and below 150 cm depth.
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  • Project Report No. 5 on “Studies on the supraglacial debris of the Khumbu Glacier”
    1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 107-110
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • 1980 Volume 41 Issue Special Pages 111
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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