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Article type: Cover
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
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Article type: Index
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
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Yasuhiro NAKAMURA, Daisuke IDA, Minoru MIZUNO
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
1-10
Published: April 25, 2004
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Thermal sensation vote of subject fluctuated remarkably in the outdoors by the change of wind velocity or the solar radiation and the degree of the fluctuation reached five categories in thermal sensation. SET^* is available to predict the steep change of thermal sensation vote caused by the rapid change of the outdoor climate. In the prediction problem of thermal sensation vote using SET^*, it is important to know the distribution of the vote rate to each category of thermal sensation in addition to knowing the average thermal sensation vote of the population because the thermal sensation vote deviates essentially by the differences of thermal sensation among subjects. In this study, we presented the figures showing the distribution of the vote rate to each category of thermal sensation and thermal comfort. The accuracy of the prediction of thermal sensation vote can be improved by taking the differences of thermal sensation among subjects into consideration. However, it is the problem for a future study how to take the differences of thermal sensation among subjects into consideration to predict the thermal sensation vote of a person sampled at random.
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Wenting Ding, Yuji Hasemi, Yoshikazu Minegishi
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
11-18
Published: April 25, 2004
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As reported in previous paper, the compatibility of natural ventilation and smoke control in the prototype building has been confirmed. Based on the results, in this paper, CFD simulation is used to predict the detail performance of the natural ventilation system. At the same time, the smoke control function is confirmed. According to the prediction, following results can be obtained: When the area ratio of outlet and inlet is greater than 2, natural ventilation rate increases hardly, while as higher as the chimney is, the natural ventilation rate is. In summer since solar altitude is relatively high in Tokyo, the vertical solar radiation-collecting wall cannot get enough solar radiation, which leads the natural ventilation rate around summer decreases. To obtain stable ventilation rate throughout the year, performance improved type is proposed with inclining the mainly solar radiation-collecting wall. Comparing Tokyo with London, because the latitude of London is higher than Tokyo, the vertical solar radiation-collecting wall can get more solar radiation and stable ventilation rate throughout the year can be obtained in prototype as it is. In addition, the effect of wind on ventilation performance is analyzed. When outside velocity is lower than 1m/s, stack ventilation is dominant, when outside velocity is greater than 2m/s, wind ventilation becomes prevailing. To obtain stable ventilation rate, it is important to grasp the wind information of the region and properly arrange the inlets and outlets.
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Kenjiro YAMAGUCHI, Tetsuya MAEKAWA, Hideaki HAYASHI, Tatsuo OKA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
19-29
Published: April 25, 2004
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In this paper, practical measuring method of electric power consumption by utilities in buildings were investigated in order to make the diagnostic work for energy conservation as easy as possible. The following methods were proposed. (1) A Method to reduce the number of measuring points (2) A Method to shorten the time of measuring period (3) A Method to calculate a standard value of energy consumption by utilities The following is the outline of this study. 1. A Method to reduce the number of measuring points (1) Measuring at a main line By measuring at a main line, electric power consumption of more than two loads can be measured at the same time and as a result the number of measuring points are reduced. (2) Measuring at selected circuits By measuring at selected circuits, electric power consumption of all circuits in the floor can be estimated assuming that electric power consumption is in proportion to the capacity of loads on the circuit. (3) Measuring at selected floor By measuring electric power by utilities at a selected typical floor, electric power consumption by each utility for the rest of typical floors can be estimated 2. A Method to shorten the time of measuring period (1) Measuring for one day and estimating the range of error For example, electric power consumption by lighting for one day does not fluctuate day by day if the operation hour of the building is constant. In that case, the range of error due to shorten measuring period may be small enough. (2) Measuring for one day and evaluating the energy efficiency of the building by the standard value calculated with the actual climatic condition of the day. For example, electric power consumption for the air-conditioning system changes day by day due to the change of climatic condition. If a standard value of energy consumption by air-conditioning system related to the actual climate condition is available, the energy efficiency of the system can be evaluated by the measurement for a short period. 3. A Method to calculate a standard value of energy consumption by utilities A Method to calculate a standard value of energy consumption by utilities was proposed to evaluate the energy efficiency of a building considering the architectural condition of the building. Methods mentioned above were applied to the four existing office buildings and their practicability was examined.
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Junichi KURIHARA, Noriyoshi YOKOO, Kaori TAKAKU, Tatsuo OKA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
31-36
Published: April 25, 2004
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It is said that the sum of CO_2 emission is due to building construction, public works and building operation which reaches to 42.4% of the total CO_2 emission in Japan, therefore CO_2 emission related to construction must be decreased. Intensity is defined the energy consumption (MJ) or CO_2 emission (kg-CO_2) due to the expenditure 1000yen. The energy intensity of building construction is 1000E/X, assuming that the construction cost is X yen and the embodied Energy of the building E(MJ). The intensity may also be considered as the value of environmental load divided by the social benefit. When the intensity of a commodity is less than the average, it is possible to decrease the domestic energy consumption in the market.
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Yohei Yamaguchi, Yoshiyuki Shimoda, Minoru Mizuno
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
37-47
Published: April 25, 2004
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In this study, we focus on strategies for energy conservation of the commercial sector. Although various energy saving measures have been proposed, the total energy consumption of commercial sector is still increasing. In order to curb this trend and to reduce energy consumption, strategies to improve energy system should be better imposed. Basically, two approaches to reduce energy consumption are widely accepted, which one is to reduce energy demand, while the other is to increase the efficiency of energy supply systems. In order to employ effective strategies, a framework which is able to comprehensively integrate these approaches is required. For this purpose, we developed a heat and electricity demand model of office building as a basic component of the framework. This heat and electricity demand model is capable to integrate climatic conditions, occupant behaviors, adoption of energy saving measures into the heat and electricity demand of the targeted building. In this paper, firstly we present the structure of the simulation model. The most spectacular feature of this model is the approach in modeling occupant behavior in the occupant behavior model. This model stochastically simulates behavior of every occupant, and then calculates occupancy and lighting schedules and the heat and electrical load from energy consuming appliances. By applying these outputs into the heat and electricity demand model, the whole model can calculate heat and electricity demand profile reflecting the operational condition of the building. In the last part of this paper, the result of a case study using the heat and electricity demand model is presented. This case study evaluates the effect of the occupant behavior on the heat and electricity demand profile. It also quantifies the energy saving effects due to energy saving measures in lighting and office appliances.
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Hajime Yoshino, Yasushi Kondo
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
49-56
Published: April 25, 2004
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In underground car parks, vehicles emit exhaust gases including carbon monoxide (hereafter CO) etc. The underground car parks are usually mechanically ventilated because they are enclosed with walls, etc. and there are not enough effective openings for natural ventilation. In such large enclosures containing contaminant sources, it is important to supply fresh air for the occupied zone and to remove polluted air efficiently. In this paper, the acceptable concentration of CO and required ventilation rate for a car park in Japan were compared to those in other countries. The pollutant emission rate from vehicles was decreased by recent emission regulations. The CO emission volume was estimated by the amount of time vehicles traveled according to the sizes of car parks and the frequency of entering/exiting vehicles. The procedure to estimate the CO emission volume and the required ventilation rate was demonstrated with several charts.
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Masaaki BANNAI, Takao KASHIWAGI, Atsushi AKISAWA, Koji TSUKAMOTO, Shig ...
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
57-66
Published: April 25, 2004
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Co-generation systems can provide economical and environmental benefit by making good use of thermal energy that is the by-product of electric energy generation. In order to extract the maximum benefit from co-generation systems, it is important to operate them in the optimum way. However, it is not always easy for operators to figure out the optimum solutions because of the following reasons: (1) the configuration of co-generation systems is not simple because it consists of multiple facilities such as gas turbines, boilers and refrigerators that are connected to one another via multiple kinds of energy such as electricity, steam and chilled water, (2) the characteristics of the individual facilities can change along with the weather conditions, e.g., the gas turbines efficiency and rated output get lower when the ambient temperature becomes higher, and (3) the optimum solutions are different from case to case depending upon various conditions such as the electricity and steam demand, the unit prices of the gas, oil and electricity. Therefore, we developed the operator-supporting system to provide the optimum solutions of the heat and co-generation facilities. The key technologies are the object-oriented system-describing models to represent heat and power systems and the linear programming technique to find the optimum solutions. This operator-supporting system has been applied to the daily operation for 2 years at Sanage Plant, Araco Corporation.
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Satoshi HASHIMOTO, Masaaki TERANO, Toshihiro SUGIURA, Masaharu NAKAMUR ...
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
67-76
Published: April 25, 2004
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The indoor environment such as indoor air quality, temperature, humidity, noise level and illuminance, has a great affect on the productivity and health of occupants. When the workplace environment is improved in a building and the productivity of workers increases, the personnel cost for office workers can be reduced effectively. Researches of the productivity in offices and schools are not so active in Japan while it has been a very important research theme in the USA and European countries. In this paper, many research projects are reviewed in order to study the applicability of the productivity concept to Japanese offices. First, several definitions of productivity are reviewed and appropriate concept is discussed to apply to Japan. Second, the method of measurement and evaluation index are described. An evaluation index of productivity is proposed in this paper.
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Doosam Song, Shinsuke Kato
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
77-85
Published: April 25, 2004
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The effectiveness of a hybrid cooling system using radiation panel cooling with wind-induced cross ventilation in an office setting is investigated. Differing from an existing hybrid system, the hybrid cooling system suggested by this study introduces outdoor air with natural ventilation even when the outdoor air is unfavorable to cool the indoor environment. For this purpose, the system is devised on a strategy that utilizes stratified room air with a vertical temperature gradient. The air cooled by the radiation panel settles down within the lower part of the room, while the hot and humid outdoor air introducing through ventilation inlet passes through the upper region of the room and sweeps out the heat and contaminants generated in the room. The characteristics of the indoor environment are examined using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation, which is coupled with radiation heat transfer simulation and with HVAC control. In this paper (part 2) the performance of hybrid cooling system with radiation panel cooling is analyzed under hot and humid regions. The relations between the characteristics of thermal stratification of the room and system design parameters (ceiling height, cooling panel height and ventilation opening height) are analyzed. Even in severe outdoor condition, the hybrid cooling system with radiation panel cooling system is more energy-efficient than an underfloor air cooling system when introducing wind-driven cross ventilation.
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Yoshihiko Tanaka, Yuji Honda, Yuta Kotajima, Osamu Nishio
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
87-95
Published: April 25, 2004
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In Part 1, we showed the real data of temperatures of both supply and return chilled water from heat source systems, and explained that the coefficient of performance of heat source systems grew worse. In Part 2, we made a new proposal how to improve the coefficient of performance about heat source systems. It was shown that the chilled water volume increases in inverse proportion to the decrease of differential temperatures. The refrigeration systems are over operated until now. Therefore, the energy consumption of refrigeration systems increases unnecessarily. Our new proposal is that we will change the volume design points of both chilled water supply pumps and refrigerators bigger than usual volume. We named this new system such as "Variable Over Water Volume System". We can save the energy consumed by heat source systems adopting this new system in the real operations.
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Yuki Yagi, Hiroko Kubo, Norio Isoda, Yuji Inoue, Makoto Shimizu
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
97-103
Published: April 25, 2004
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the direction and continuous time of airflow on thermal comfort. Ten collegiate female subjects were exposed to airflow in twenty types. Air velocity of fluctuating airflow counted for 0〜0.8m/s (mean 0.3m/s) and air velocity of uniform airflow for 0.3m/s. Air temperature was kept constant at 28℃. Relative humidity was kept constant at 50%. Two fans were located before and behind the sedentary subjects. The subjects were measured for the skin temperatures, and they were asked about thermal sensation, thermal comfort and evaluation of airflow. The skin temperatures fell at many parts which were exposed to airflow, and there is statistically some significant differences. The dispersion of general thermal sensation votes was small. The most numerous reports in general thermal sensation were "0:neutral" at any condition. The airflow which blew longer from before than behind obtained higher comfort sensation vote.
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2004 Volume 29 Issue 93 Pages
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Published: April 25, 2004
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