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発行日: 2009/08/18
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A1-A51
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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杉原 義文, 坂本 雄三, 松縄 堅, 松尾 陽
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発行日: 2009/08/18
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There is an optimum value in the setting of the water temperature in the design or setting of the temperature in the operation for central air conditioning system. This paper reports optimization system to find an optimum value with LCEM tool and function of the Excel. The temperature and the flow rate of chilled water, cooling water and the air are parameters for optimization. Those parameters are converted into discrete value. And this system chooses the best parameter combination of a temperature and the flow rate for energy conservation. Detail of the technique and the result of the test run are shown.
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高田 修, 田中 良彦, 坂本 雄三, 松尾 陽
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発行日: 2009/08/18
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Analyzing a real load data, mechanical engineers have come to recognize that it is important for the heat source system to be able to cope with a small load. However, such a system could be not effective in case temperature difference of chilled water is not constant. This paper reports performance difference of several types of system by simulation.
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市川 卓也, 中島 正人, 下田 吉之, 松尾 陽
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発行日: 2009/08/18
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One of the main purposes of this research is to pursue the possibility of energy conservation by controlling the main heat source equipments, especially cooling tower. In this report, we have investigated the recent energy `conservation technique' based on the machine specification at the factory setting and on completion designs of the automatic control system and also estimated the speed of spreading the new techniques.
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栫 弘之, 下田 吉之, 松尾 陽
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発行日: 2009/08/18
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The maintenance including water management is very important to maintain a heat source system in high efficiency. In this study, we show the value (=LTD) to express the deterioration of the condenser water quality and the basic survey of water management method for the heat source system. In addition, with the deterioration model of the heat source system based on operative data, we show the energy saving and cost saving effect of the tube cleaning.
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岩瀬 基彦, 星 清慈, 佐々木 真人, 中川 優一, 山本 倫代, 秋元 孝之, 田辺 新一
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発行日: 2009/08/18
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Recently, the large scale space is often introduced to the offices in terms of the view, the acceleration of communication among the workers and various types of the space composition. This space has large air volume and is covered with lots of glass, so it is difficult to control the thermal environment or save the energy. In this study, thermal environment in N office connected between large scale spaces were measured in order to investigate the effect of seasonal vertical temperature and air distribution.
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佐々木 真人, 岩瀬 基彦, 中川 優一, 星 清慈, 山本 倫代, 柳井 崇, 秋元 孝之, 田辺 新一
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発行日: 2009/08/18
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The surveyed office has various spaces of "Green-Cube" and "Step-Workplace" that aimed improvement of the workplace productivity. The best workplace environment on various spaces is different for each. We analyzed the workplace environment, the HVAC system performance, the assessment of occupant's comfort, and the energy consumption in this office for two years. In this report, we report on the performance of the energy consumption, and the result of the verification of workplace environment.
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中川 優一, 岩瀬 基彦, 星 清慈, 山本 倫代, 佐々木 真人, 秋元 孝之, 田辺 新一
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発行日: 2009/08/18
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This paper reports on workers1 productivity, especially knowledge-creativity. The environment in the office and the voice of workers were surveyed in the space where designed to improve the intellectual creative work. In this survey, the satisfaction tends to promote working efficiently. There is a possibility that "Hyakumasu" and "Mind Map" would be appropriate for a simulated task of the quantitative evaluation. Motivation to work tends to rise if the satisfaction rating to the environment and the favorability to the place go up. There is a possibility that office worker's performance would be better by arranging various spaces for work place
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山本 倫代, 岩瀬 基彦, 星 清慈, 佐々木 真人, 中川 優一, 秋元 孝之, 田辺 新一
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発行日: 2009/08/18
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This paper reports on workers1 communication in workplaces and workers1 productivity, especially knowledge-creativity. The investigation was conducted by measurements and questionnaire in the office of N company to search for environment which promotes workers1 communication and to identify effects of workers1 behavior on productivity. As a result, it showed workers preferred the places which were close to their seats or which had suitable furniture or which had good outlook, in communication. In the survey on workers' knowledge-creativity, 68% of workers who answered that their activity of the day had major effect on their creativity, answered that communication had the most effect on their creativity
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秋山 友里, 西原 直枝, 羽田 正沖, 内田 智志, 川口 玄, 山本 麻莉, 田辺 新一
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発行日: 2009/08/18
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A experiment was conducted in a climate chamber conditioned at operative temperature of 25.5℃, 28.5℃ or 31.5℃ to examine the effect of task load and thermal environment on productivity. The sixteen male subjects were assigned in each condition to work on three-digit multiplication task both at maximum and at normal speed for fifteen minutes. RTLX from NASA-TLX, and the task performance were significantly higher at the maximum speed but was not significantly different among the conditions. The cerebral blood flow in the 31.5℃ condition was significantly higher at the maximum than that at the normal speed. The cerebral blood flow and RTLX were both considered as the index of mental workload; however their sensitivity to indoor environmental stress can be different.
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濱中 香也子, 酒井 涼子, 小林 和幸, 橋口 敬
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発行日: 2009/08/18
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We conducted a series of questionnaire and field surveys on the actual usage condition of cooling systems by the aged persons and their consciousnesses of usage. This paper reports that the results of analysis regarding the healthy usage of cooling systems by the aged persons in the living room and main bedroom based on the surveys.
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酒井 涼子, 濱中 香也子, 小林 和幸, 橋口 敬
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保坂 嘉一, 高口 洋人, 阪本 伸司
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This report shows summer lifestyle of exterior thermal insulation and interior thermal insulation apartment house. The result is as follows. There are a lot of ratios of the person whom the exterior thermal insulation apartment house feels comfortable through a day compared with an interior thermal insulation. The person who thinks it is comfortable even if the air conditioner use rate is high doesn't necessarily increase. How in living to use the window, the curtain, and the window shade looks like regardless of the dwelling form. The ventilation system of 24 hours is always operated at home of 70 percent.
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中山 和美, 酒井 涼子
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発行日: 2009/08/18
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The purpose of this study is to grasp the actual situation of lifestyles of the floor heater user. The questionnaires were carried out using the Internet to floor heater user and floor heater non-user to clarify the actual behavior of the respondents. As a result, more than half of the respondents live on the living room at a chair- seating style. The wearing clothes and the kinds of carpet are influenced by house type and floor heater. On the other hand, the act in the living room, posture, room temperatures are not influenced by using floor heater.
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阪中 郁, 赤井 仁志, 野知 啓子, 中村 克彦, 岡田 誠之, 高橋 和弘, 竹田 良子, 濱田 靖弘
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発行日: 2009/08/18
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It is important for circulation type bath to control the concentration of residual chlorine as precaution against Legionnaires' disease. In this study, we report that there is variation among the measurement values of on-site absorptiometric residual chlorine meters, which were gained from the actual measurement at 3 bath systems of 2 facilities in Hokkaido, September 2007, by comparing time series variation, regression analysis and correlation.
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赤井 仁志, 野知 啓子, 阪中 郁, 中村 克彦, 岡田 誠之, 高橋 和弘, 竹田 良子, 濱田 靖弘
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セッションID: A-11
発行日: 2009/08/18
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It is important for circulation type bath to control the concentration of residual chlorine as precaution against Legionnaires' disease. In this study, we report that there is variation among the measurement values of on-site absorptiometric residual chlorine meters, which were gained from the actual measurement at 3 bath systems of 2 facilities in Hokkaido, September 2007, by comparing root-mean-square deviation with measurement values every chlorine meters and distribution of measurement values of all chlorine meters.
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伊禮 塁, 鎌田 素之, 野知 啓子, 赤井 仁志, 山口 太秀
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セッションID: A-12
発行日: 2009/08/18
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Chlorination is obligated to circulation type bathtub to prevent infection disease such as legionaires' disease. Though, chlorination can prevent infection disease, cause carcinogenic disinfection by product (DBPs) such as Trihalomethanes (THMs). We investigated the concentration of THMs in bathtub water and bathroom air. As a result of our research, high concentration of THMs was detected in air and water compared with bathroom for family use. Moreover, we indicate THMs caused in bathtub water easily vaporize to air by lab-scale experiment.
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奥邨 大輔, 柳坪 衛介, 三田村 隆, 嶋倉 一實, 菅野 幸雄, 松山 公喜, 和田 晋典, 倉前 正志, 前田 享史, 横山 真太郎
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セッションID: A-13
発行日: 2009/08/18
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The present study describes a new sterilization system by slightly acidic electrolyzed water for microbial contamination in pool facilities. We evaluated the effects of new system on water quality and subjective odor evaluation. The results confirmed that our new system suppressed bacteria concentration. Furthermore, quite low intensity of chlorine odor and high score of comfort were obtained by using our system.
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奈良 松範
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セッションID: A-14
発行日: 2009/08/18
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The additional value is put on tap water by using the mineral etc. The this study aimed to examine the influence on the living body caused because the mineral acted on tap water. It was experimentally shown that the metal ion that eluted from the mineral had decided the influence on the living body. It is thought that basic data concerning the possibility of the clean water technology with the mineral assumed to be useful for our health maintenance etc. was able to be offered.
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夏見 洋平, 大塚 雅之, 野知 啓子, 湯沢 正信, 長野 晃弘, 鈴木 一聡
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セッションID: A-15
発行日: 2009/08/18
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In this study, water quality management of rain water utilization system was continued. Survey on actual situation was carved out on water consumption and present state of water quality management, etc. over past of 4 years. It is next way, when the result got is summarized. About 70% was obtained the rain water , and the water supply substitution rate became 64%, and the high water saving effect was confirmed. The chlorination was used in order to utilize the rain water safely. As the result, it was possible to maintain water quality standard value of reuse water over 4 years almost.
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福井 啓太, 岡田 誠之, 前田 信治, 高橋 雪信
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セッションID: A-16
発行日: 2009/08/18
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Recently, the offensive odor generated from the plumbing system has been problem. The most is offensive odor generated form water is a cause. This research evaluated the offensive odor intended for the johkasou set up in an individual house, and investigated the realities of the offensive odor . A result, the factor which has affected the offensive odor in a johkasou directly , was not able to specify.
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野知 啓子, 瀬下 哲也, 大塚 雅之, 夏見 洋平, 野知 章悟
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セッションID: A-17
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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In this study cultivated minute algae in high density, and it used the technique which fixed CO_2. Time series observation of CO_2 and pH,ORP was carried out in order to observe the photosynthetic reaction by minute algae. As the result, it was shown that rise and descent were repeated pH and CO_2 in order to utilize for the organic synthesis. 2.1 g per minute algae of 1 g was fixed the immobilization of CO_2 by minute algae. The treatment experiment of CO_2 was carried out by microorganism and minute algal biomass equipment. By the biological treatment, drainage middle organic substance formed 200mg/L CO_2. In the minute algae tank, CO_2 of about 30% was removed.
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小澤 諭, 市川 憲良, 鎌田 元康, 中山 哲士
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セッションID: A-18
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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This paper describes the calculation results of the potential quantity of available water resources in each prefecture. At present, there is only the data of the potential quantity of available water resources which is divided into 14 areas in Japan. It is inadequate discussion about the water resources with a viewpoint from prefecture level, so we adopt new calculation method. We focus on the regional characteristic of potential quantity of available water resources from stochastic method analysis, coefficient of variation and rate of water resources use. Kagawa, Osaka and Saitama have small amount of the potential quantity of available water resources, large coefficient of variation and high rate of water resources use. So we estimate that the possibility of water shortage is high in these prefectures.
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小松 義典
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セッションID: A-19
発行日: 2009/08/18
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The toilets in convenience stores are used as public toilets recently. We investigated the use condition of toilets in convenience stores and the users' attribute. The principal results are summarized as follows. 1. Use number of the toilet was around 150 persons per day. Man and woman's use ratio was 7:3 〜8:2. 2. Major occupied time of toilet booth was less than 1 minute for man, and 1 〜2 minutes for woman. 3. Maximum use number was 10.8 persons per hour, used by man during noon.
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上出 博章, 坂上 恭助
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セッションID: A-20
発行日: 2009/08/18
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In this paper I studied on the evaluation of water hammer arresters. Te performance evaluation methods of water hammer arresters was provided, but no generalized evaluation was provided up to now. I studied the general evaluation by comparing the results of various measurement.
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藤野 健治, 石川 芳久, 高瀬 知章, 柳田 充, 山縣 洋一, 金田 信
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セッションID: A-21
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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The inverter control sprinkler system, which is one of the pressure control fire extinguishing systems, is adopted in the Marunouchi Park Building, completed in April, 2009. This paper reports outline of the system and its future prospects.
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坊垣 和明, 小玉 祐一郎, 伊東 秀二, 秋元 孝之
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セッションID: B-1
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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It continues to the report in the previous year, the report shows the test system performance evaluation result for the Advanced Solar Water Heating System. The study mainly focused on an evaluation of characteristic between amount of insolation and solar collection efficient. The authors developed Advanced Solar Water Heating System of the second prototype that combined handrail with vertical installed solar heating panels.
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伊東 秀二, 小玉 祐一郎, 坊垣 和明, 秋元 孝之
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セッションID: B-2
発行日: 2009/08/18
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It is necessary to forecast the performance of Advanced Solar Water Heating System where is installed on the veranda of apartment houses in each azimuth different from the south. The study mainly focused on the performance calculation method using insolation of the measurement of each azimuth , and performance calculation result in each azimuth that uses the calculation method.
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森 正夫, 桑原 亮一, 由良 貴, 堀尾 正靱, 西山 明雄
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セッションID: B-3
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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We adopted a wood biomass boiler and a cogeneration system using stirling-engine generator as heat source system of a spa facility. We would like to report plans and designs of the abode facility.
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桑原 亮一, 森 正夫, 由良 貴, 堀尾 正靱, 西山 明雄
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セッションID: B-4
発行日: 2009/08/18
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Current operation condition is driving of the biomass boiler to follow to the load .The assumed amount of power generation is not obtained. But power generation is given priority, this system was able to be confirmed enough from the performance examination result to the ability.
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三毛 正仁, 有山 正, 末永 直之, 中尾 正喜, 西岡 真稔, 鍋島 美奈子
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セッションID: B-5
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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The city water heating system is examined, which provides the hot water through the water pipe after being heated up by the exhaust heat of the garbage incineration plant. Utilizing the existing water pipe line is more economical than constructing a dedicated new pipe line. However, it is assumed that the temperature of the water will be cooled down as the heated water travels in the water pipe because the pipe line has not insulation in Japan. Hence, we need to calculate easily the heat loss in the water pipe line network in urban area. This report presents the method to calculate the heat loss along the water pipe line by expressing the thermal diffusion from the pipe in soil by the response factor method.
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末永 直之, 有山 正, 三毛 正仁, 中尾 正喜, 西岡 真稔, 鍋島 美奈子
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セッションID: B-6
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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In this report, a method to estimate net heat loss of a pipeline network is proposed. A response factor model to calculate the heat loss perpendicular to the axis of flow from pipe to soil is combined with a heat balance model along the length of the pipe and an estimation of the mass flow in the pipe. As a result, in addition to predicting the heat flow rate in a pipeline network, for cases involving the injection of waste heat into the network, the model can be used to calculate the variation in water temperature as a function of variables such as pipe length and diameter.
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有山 正, 三毛 正仁, 末永 直之, 中尾 正喜, 西岡 真稔, 鍋島 美奈子
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セッションID: B-7
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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First and second reports presented the method to calculate the heat loss along the water pipe line by expressing the thermal diffusion from the pipe in soil by the response factor method. This report presents the feasibility study of the service water network systems heated by a garbage incineration plant. From the exhaust heat of the garbage incineration plant in Osaka city, we calculate how high temperature of heated water reaches the demand edge and show the effect reducing hot water supply load.
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内山 聖士, 大塚 雅之, 高橋 雄太, 植村 聡
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セッションID: B-8
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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Synopsis: In the office building,double-skin provides much possibility for the energy conservation and same time creates good indoor environment. Although, it appears that solar heat is not enough removed by the double-skin in the summer. The purpose of this study is to examine the reduction effect of air conditioning load by the water atomizer in the double-skin, in the summer .The results show that the air condition energy is reduced by the water atomization in the double-skin when a west side solar radiation is a lot.
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白岩 寛之, 細川 力, 河野 行雄
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セッションID: B-9
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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Increase of fuel cost of a heater used to heat a green house by sudden rise of price of crude petroleum becomes large problems in agricultural sector. And, the green house heater discharges the exhaust gas of the high temperature. It is significant to use the thermal energy (waste heat) of this exhaust gas by some methods effectively in the viewpoint of energy saving, saving resource, and stable supply of farm products. In this study, we examined the exhaust heat recovery system made by using the thermosyphon. As a result, we clarified the utility of the waste heat recovery by the thermosyphon.
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中山 幸久, 小瀬 博之, 中島 古史郎
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セッションID: B-10
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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In this paper, thermal collection experiment when thermal storage was not done in summer and thermal storage and thermal experiment in winter. This system is thermal storage system of the solar heat use in the shallow-layer soil of depth 2m that has aimed to examine the possibility of the energy conservation system that has the economy. Consequently, this system can say in winter that the low temperature of about 15℃ is a system of possible thermal collection for a long term by doing thermal storage in summer. Moreover, not only thermal storage of summer but also steady heat can be taken out by using thermal storage together also in winter.
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金田一 清香, 長野 克則, 岩下 悟, 古越 一三雄
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セッションID: B-11
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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This paper shows a construction plan of new terminal buildings in the Tokyo International Airport and describes a Ground Source Heat Pump system applied as a part of the heat source system. Annual temperature variations and system performance are verified by computer simulation. Calculations with shorter operating time result in higher performance and annual heat balance in the ground.
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張本 和芳, 関根 賢太郎, 吉川 朝郁
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セッションID: B-12
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
会議録・要旨集
フリー
We carried out the first year performance verification of the building with ground source heat pump system utilizing cast-in-place concrete pile and studied the operation method. Heat extract and injection rate satisfied the planned performance value during the cooling and heating period. Cast-in-place foundation pile worked effectively as a ground heat exchanger. We suggest the proper operation method that considers the balanced utilizing of ground heat through the cooling / heating period and daily operation pattern to improve the performance of the entire heat source system.
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荻野 佳, 金田一 清香, 柳原 隆司, 黒本 英智, 岩本 剛, 坂本 雄三
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: B-13
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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フリー
This paper shows feasibility of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems for non-residential buildings in the warm climate region of Japan. A proposed system, in which the capacity of heat sources is designed depending on the maximum heating load and cooling is operated only in the peak load period, provides seasonal heat balance in the ground and reduction of heat release to the air of 20% compared to the conventional air source systems.
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梅澤 光, 長野 克則, 絹村 剛士, 中村 真人
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: B-14
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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This house was constructed in Sapporo City in November 2007 and we have continued to measure every part of system, i.e. power consumption, flow rate and temperature, and also room temperature and humidity since January 2008. This paper is the third report in this series and shows the annual measurement results. First, energy flow of this house is demonstrated. Second, in ventilation system, good effect of earth tube for temperature and Wakkanai siliceous shale for humidity were demonstrated. Finally, we show the evaluation of space heating efficiency and room temperature in case changing the operation time and heat pump output.
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絹村 剛士, 長野 克則, 梅澤 光, 中村 真人
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: B-15
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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This paper is the fourth of the series that the research on the passive low energy house. We modified the calculation tool to predict the performance of the low temperature radiation heating. This tool calculated the room air temperature of the house introduced the ground-source heat pump system. It was examined that the preferable operating condition which the minimum room temperature was kept above 19℃. Furthermore, we considered the energy reduction effect when simple control methods were introduced.
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青井 健史, 大塚 雅之, 飯塚 宏, 深尾 仁, 湯澤 正信
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: B-16
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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フリー
This study is aimed for development and inspection of the air-conditioning system by underground heat utilization use soil of the seaside department. This study aims to grasp the performance of the Geothermal air-conditioning system using the High density PE tubes. In this paper, the authors discuss about examines performance of heat exchange of the soil which faced marine area and influence of quantity of heat exchange by a difference of materials of a PE pipe.
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若山 尚之, 金田一 清香, 石井 勝, 長野 克則, 葛 隆生
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: B-17
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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フリー
R hospital had started an operation in April,2008. And it has been started to measure data about heating and cooling system from last summer. The design concept of heating and cooling system and system summary of R hospital had been introduced in the last conference. This report is noted data of the ground source heat pump system and results of analysis. The data of the whole heating and cooling system will be reported soon.
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中村 靖, 葛 隆生, 藤原 陽三, 岡和田 達, 長野 克則
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: B-18
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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フリー
Two types of variable water flow control were installed to the low flow circulation ground source heat pump (LF-GSHP) multi-split system in the field experiment. It was demonstrated that one variable water flow control that keeps temperature difference between inlet and outlet of the heat pump unit has advantage from the viewpoint of follow capability of water flow control according to cooling output. The average SCOP during cooling season was 4.51 and the value achieved target SCOP of more than 4.5. Additionally, the LF-GSHP multi-split system combined variable water flow control could reduce approximately 80% of electric power consumption compared to the one with constant flow operation.
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葛 隆生, 中村 靖, 藤原 陽三, 岡和田 達, 長野 克則
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: B-19
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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フリー
Heating test of the low flow circulation ground source heat pump (LF-GSHP) multi-split system was carried out in the field and approximately 4.0 of SCOP were obtained on the some conditions. Also, antifreeze solution was applied as the thermal medium instead of water and heating and cooling test were conducted. The LF-GSHP multi-split system with antifreeze solution decreased only less than 15% of SCOP compared to the one with water in the both of heating and cooling experiment. In addition, daily average SCOP during heating operation was 3.33.5 even in the middle of winter season. These show that the LF-GSHP multi-split system has great possibility of adaptation also in the cold region.
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田口 雄一郎, 尹 奎英, 奥宮 正哉, 丹羽 英治, 木虎 久隆
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: B-20
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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フリー
A geothermal heat pump system is a comparatively simple system but the setup cost is very high because of laying cost for a borehole inserting heat exchange pipes. Therefore, the reducing of the setup cost is a main issue when we consider the broaden application of this system. In this paper, the design procedures for ground heat exchanger are introduced, when the complex application of different type of ground heat exchangers in order to exclude this digging cost is discussed.
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桑沢 保夫, 三浦 尚志, 澤地 孝男, 瀬戸 裕直
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: C-1
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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フリー
The reduction in CO_2 emissions based on energy used by residential buildings in Japan is social problem. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the energy consumption at actual use with various equipment installed in the residential buildings. Then, in this report the result of experiment executed by installing the heat pump type Central air-conditioning system in experimental residential building to clarify the energy efficiency of it is reported.
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森 秀樹, 北村 邦彦, 村田 泰孝, 石原 修
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: C-2
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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The air-conditioning unit which devided a heat exchanger into more than second has been developed. The number of the heat exchanger into which cold water is poured is decided according to the air-conditioning load.We planed for energy saving by making them mix the air dehumidified by cooling and the air which isn't so.The performance of the new-style air-condirioning unit when installing in an office building, was calculated as a test in this paper.
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田中 英紀, 丹羽 英治, 馬場 尚志
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: C-3
発行日: 2009/08/18
公開日: 2017/08/31
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フリー
This paper discusses the results of comparative experiments for humidification performance and humidified air cleanliness on the air conditioning system with steam or evaporative humidifiers. Three types of evaporative humidifiers are compared with a steam humidifier on their evaluation item. Concerning the humidified air cleanliness, the number of micro-organism was counted and used for evaluation. As a result, the difference in cleanliness of humidified air was not observed in steam humidifier and evaporative humidifier.
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