Predicting the behavior of each other is a fundamental process of social interaction. In order to ensure smooth communication, it is important not only to accurately predict the behavior of others but also to act in a way that is easily predicted by others. The choice perseverance, the tendency to repeat past choices, could play an important role in making one’s behavior more predictable. To examine it, we conducted an experimental task in which participants predicted the choices of agents with different levels of perseverance. Here, we hypothesized that (1) the choices of those with high perseverance are more predictable than those with relatively low perseverance, and (2) participants with high perseverance can easily predict agents’ choices with similarly high perseverance. To examine hypothesis (2), we quantified participant’s perseverance by computational modeling. The experimental results showed that the accuracy of predictions in the block predicting choices of agents with high perseverance was significantly higher than in the block predicting choices of agents with relatively low perseverance (p < .01). There is a significant correlation between the participant’s perseverance estimated by the computational model and the prediction accuracy only when predicting choices of those with high perseverance (p < .01). This result raises the possibility that people with similar behavioral tendencies are more likely to interact smoothly with each other. In conclusion, these results supported our hypotheses, and choice perseverance thus seems to be a key component in predicting others’ behavior.

抄録全体を表示

The present study explored the effect of cognitive load during lying on attention to stimuli. Ninety-four participants were assigned to one of two groups (i.e., “concealment” or “non-concealment” group). All of them were asked to utter the displayed word in sequence. However, they were asked to utter, a word different from the displayed one when target word was displayed. But participants in the concealment group were asked to cover up that the word was different from the displayed one. In other words, they had to utter a different word as if it was not. After the task, they were asked to write the words that they remembered. The results showed that participants in the concealment group recalled smaller number of words than those in the non-concealment group. However, individual difference in tendency to lie positively predicted the recall rate. People who tended to lie in their daily lives might be more fluent in lying, which could keep the recall rate high. The present study indicated that cognitive load during lying reduce the cognitive resource, which led people to paying less attention to stimuli. This study also implied that measuring attention was one possible way to detect deceptions.

抄録全体を表示

Repeated deception gradually leads to large transgressions. Oftentimes, people behave deceptively without their awareness. However, the mechanism in which the repetition of ambiguous deception without obvious intention of deceptive behavior influences intentional deception remains unclear. The study set up a scenario where a participant can opt for ambiguous deception and investigated the intervals between such instances in interpersonal situations. Moreover, a sender-receiver game was conducted in which participants were allowed to voluntarily and repeatedly deceive another participant. Results revealed that 26 of the participants cheated during the experiment and that their intentional deceptive decisions gradually increased in the latter half of the game. Furthermore, the intervals between ambiguous deceptive acts shortened over the course of the game. These findings indicate the necessity to investigate the mechanisms involved in the dynamic changes that occur during the practice of deception.

抄録全体を表示

The present study examined how job satisfaction and exhaustion are affected by motivational regulation and style in the part-time jobs of international students in Japan, based on self-determination theory. A multivariate regression analysis, which included five motivational regulations as independent variables and job satisfaction and exhaustion as dependent variables, was conducted. The results showed that job satisfaction was positively correlated with intrinsic regulation and identified regulation and negatively correlated with introjected regulation. For exhaustion, a negative correlation was shown with intrinsic regulation, and a positive correlation was shown with extrinsic and identified regulation. The results of a cluster analysis based on five motivational regulations revealed four motivational styles. High motivational styles were shown to have the highest job satisfaction, and low intrinsic/high extrinsic styles were shown to have the highest exhaustion.

抄録全体を表示

加害行為に対する非難は一般に、当該行為と結果の因果関係、およびその行為に関わる意図の程度に左右される。こうした因果性と意図性に基づく道徳的推論は、一般人の判断だけでなく法の専門家による判断においても同様の役割を果たす。しかし近年の研究は、行為により示唆される望ましくない願望の存在が、むしろ非難の程度に影響することを示している。本研究では、援助をし損ねた行為者の願望に関する情報が、非難判断に与える影響を調べた。実験シナリオには、他者を援助すると約束した行為者が、「望ましい」（約束通り援助したい）、「中立的」（援助したいともしたくないとも思わない）、「望ましくない」（約束した相手に悪意を抱き、援助したくない）のいずれかの願望を持っていたと記されていた。続いて、実際には援助がなされず約束相手に害が及んだことが示された後、行為者に対する非難の程度について評定が求められた。結果は、行為者の不履行が結果の直接的原因でなかったにもかかわらず、「望ましくない」願望の条件において特に強い非難が行われることを示した。さらにこの効果を、援助不履行に関する道徳判断と、行為者の道徳的人格評価が媒介していた。一方、行為と結果の因果性、および意図性に関する知覚の媒介効果は見られなかった。道徳判断における属人的判断、そして不作為に関する法的判断などの、より実際的な文脈に関する示唆について議論する。

抄録全体を表示

外国人留学生は、日本において新しい生活を快適に過ごすためには、新しい場所や周辺の人々との絆を築く必要がある。場所の愛着は人々が重要な場所と持つ絆であり、外国人にとって特に重要である。 本研究では、留学生の場所への愛着を分析するために、メンタルマップとアンケートを使った新しい調査方法を開発し、最小二乗法による空間統計を使ってモデル化した。ケーススタディとして愛媛大学の留学生65名を対象にした。その結果、日本語能力、日本での食生活の満足度、日本の生活スタイルとの相性、生活スタイルの変化度が、留学生の新しい場所への愛着を育む役割を果たしていることが明らかになった。

抄録全体を表示

The present study examined possible influences of perfectionism and narcissism on anger rumination. Ninety-five undergraduates completed the Japanese version of Anger Rumination Scale (ARS), the Multidimensional Perfectionism Cognition Inventory (MPCI), and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-Short Version (NPI-S). Multiple regression analysis revealed that “concern over mistake” subscale of the MPCI, “need for attention and praise” and “a sense of superiority and competence” subscale of the NPI-S were predictors of anger rumination. The results showed that “a sense of superiority and competence” was a negative predictor of anger rumination as Hatta et al. (2018) has proposed. The effects of perfectionism and narcissism on anger rumination might be restrictive, so further investigation should be needed.

抄録全体を表示

The reliability by the test-retest examination of the cognitive test items that have been used in the Yakumo Study was examined using 40-55 years old community dwellers. These participants’ performances can be regarded that the possible influence of cognitive decline due to aging can be ignored. As a result of the test-retest examination, reliability of the subjects who participated in the Yakumo Study health examination for successive consecutive years during the 40-55 years old were as follows; D-CAT1 and D-CAT3, Stroop (dot) and troop (letter) showed a high correlation of 0.75 or more. The logical memory test had a correlation of less than 0.6, the letter fluency test had a correlation of 0.6 or more, but the semantic fluency test had a correlation of 0.4 or less. From these results, it was clarified that the D-CAT and Stroop tests are reliable measures for examining the intra-individual fluctuation of frontal lobe executive function with aging.

抄録全体を表示

都市型の大規模集合住宅の住居者を対象に、地域活動参加と住環境との関係性を調査にすることを目的とした。1647名を対象に、無記名自記式アンケートを実施した。アンケート内容は性別、世代、住居者数、住居棟の種類、住居階層、住居年数、就労の有無、地域活動への参加の有無であった。931名から回答（回収率：56.5%）があり、記載漏れがない858名（有効回答率：52.1%）が最終解析の対象となった。地域活動参加の有無を従属変数とした多変量ロジスティック解析を実施した。結果、65歳未満では地域活動参加は女性であることに関連を認めた。65歳以上では住居階層に有意な関連を認め、高層になるほど関連が弱くなった。年齢層に関わらず、地域活動参加と住居者数の多さ、住居棟の種類および住居年数の長さに有意な関連を認めた。65歳以上では、住居年数が長いほど関連が強くなる傾向も確認できた。地域活動参加に関する対策には、住居者数、住居年数以外にも、住環境として住居階層や住居棟の種類を考慮するする必要がある。

抄録全体を表示

Policy information, included in the experimental design of mini-publics, aims at enhancing knowledge about policy issues on the mini-publics’ agenda. However, the effectiveness of the presentation format of this information provided to respondents in enhancing knowledge about the relevant issues remained unexamined in previous studies. This study used Japanese energy policy as an issue and conducted a survey experiment on Japanese voters (N = 3,214) in 2014, which manipulated the difference in terms of the presentation format and volume of information contained in the policy information. The experimental conditions were as follows: full information, which presented all the prepared policy information; textual reduction information, which deleted some peripheral sentences from the full information; numerical reduction information, which deleted numerical values from the full information; and control conditions, which did not present any policy information. The condition for presenting the complete policy information significantly increased the knowledge about policy issues, notwithstanding the strength of policy-related attitudes that moderated the effects of policy information. Further, contrary to this study’s hypotheses, the results showed that respondents with weak attitudes toward energy policy were more likely to increase their policy knowledge under the full information condition, thereby narrowing their knowledge gap compared to those with strong policy attitudes. Thus, factors such as textual or numerical information excluded from policy information in each experimental condition contributed to the amount of policy issue-related knowledge. Recently, to prevent the spread of “harmful rumors”, the Consumer Affairs Agency released a pamphlet called “Food and Radiation Q&A,” providing information to consumers. This study’s findings can further contribute to such governmental measures by identifying a format of presenting pamphlets that can effectively enhance people’s knowledge about relevant issues.

抄録全体を表示

日本では、離婚によって財産分与が行われる場合、財産分与者にキャピタルゲイン所得税が課せられる可能性がある。これは、裁判所が財産分与を財産分与義務の消滅という有償取引であると捉えており、所得税法33条1項の「資産の譲渡」に該当すると解釈しているからである。しかし、この解釈に対しては、財産分与は本質的には夫婦間の共同財産の分割であり、所得税法 33 条 1 項の「資産の譲渡」には該当しないとする説が有力に唱えられている。米国では、1984 年までは、United States V. Davis, 370 U.S. 65（1962）の判決に従い、日本と同様に、財産分配時にキャピタルゲイン課税が行われていた。しかし、1984年の税制改正後は、財産分与を受けた者がその財産を第三者に譲渡するまでは、キャピタルゲイン課税が繰延べられることとなった。米国が制度を転換した理由として、夫と妻は同一の経済単位であるという事実があること、また、国民はその課税ルールを理解できておらず、キャピタルゲイン課税はそれらの人々に罠をかけるようなものであることが挙げられている。わが国においては、財産分与時の課税が離婚協議を成立させにくい状況を作り出しているといわれている。本稿は、離婚によって財産分与を行うことを躊躇させるわが国の財産分与の課税制度を見直し、米国の現行制度のように、財産分与を受けた者がその財産を譲渡するまでキャピタルゲイン課税を繰延べる制度を立法すべきであると主張する。

抄録全体を表示

Positive psychology is recognized as an important contributing factor in terms of well-being. Positive psychological constructs as dispositional optimism or purpose in life have been linked to positive health outcomes. However, there is little research in relation to it within the dementia field. In the present study we investigate an association between dispositional optimism and cognitive functions in the middle aged and the older. Participants were 285 community-dwelling middle aged and older persons without dementia. The cognitive functions were measured by means of logical memory test, Money road test, Stroop test, D-CAT (digit cancellation test), verbal fluency test and MMSE. Dispositional optimism was assessed using 10 item questionnaire adapted from Japanese versions of the Life Orientation Test-Revised. Participants were divided into three dispositional optimism groups (upper, middle and lower) based on the score of the questionnaire. ANCOVA, using age, sex and education as covariate, dispositional optimism group as independent variables, and scores on the cognitive tasks as dependent variables, was conducted to investigate the effect of positive psychological constructs on the age-related decline of cognitive functions. A significant main effect of dispositional optimism was shown for the score on digit cancellation test and verbal fluency test. The score of these cognitive functions in lower optimism group was lower than that in the other groups. Greater dispositional optimism is associated with higher cognitive functions. It became clear that positive psychological constructs could reduce a risk of cognitive decline.

抄録全体を表示

本稿では、明治期に倉敷紡績とクラレを経営し、事業と社会貢献活動の両面において大きな成果を残した企業家として高く評価されている大原孫三郎を取り上げた。大原は労働理想主義を経営理念として掲げ、従業員のモチベーションの向上が経営の質を高めることを確信して経営を行い、倉敷紡績とクラレが日本を代表する大企業に発展する基礎を作った。また、中国銀行や中国電力の設立にも深く関与した。大原は、様々な事業を行いながら社会問題にも深い関心を示し、学校や病院を設置し、従業員や地域コミュニティの人々の幸せの実現に尽力するとともに、大原社会問題研究所等の研究機関を設立し、科学的な知見に基づく社会課題の根本的な解決を目指した。更に地元の倉敷に日本初の西洋近代美術館となる大原美術館を開設し、美術の保護・振興にも尽力した。大原のこのような取り組みは、SDGs等の社会課題の解決に事業を通じて取り組むことが求められている現代企業の経営を先取りしたものであった。

抄録全体を表示

Disgust is perceived to be a negative emotion, which restricts or decreases an organism’s behaviour to defend the body, mind, and/or social order when exposed to stimuli from the outside world. However, disgust may also lead to behaviours that are advantageous for an organism’s survival and thus have value. Moral foundations theory proposes that human moral judgments are based on six inherent criteria, one of which is the moral value of sanctity/purity. This study explores the relation between disgust and sanctity/purity. Most research in this field has been conducted primarily in the United States and in Europe and has yielded contradictory findings. While disgust becomes moralized specifically in the domain of sanctity/purity, it is also related to a wide array of other domains. This study revealed that the disgust displayed by Japanese participants was not associated with sanctity/purity alone but was deeply connected to and affected by relations with others and moral values, namely, loyalty and authority, which emphasize the importance of continued survival and maintaining one’s social group.

抄録全体を表示