人間環境学研究
Online ISSN : 1883-7611
Print ISSN : 1348-5253
ISSN-L : 1348-5253
20 巻, 2 号
選択された号の論文の10件中1~10を表示しています
原著
  • 荻原 祐二
    2022 年 20 巻 2 号 p. 71-79
    発行日: 2022年
    公開日: 2022/12/25
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
    The term “kirakira name” has been broadly used in Japan. However, the definition of this term is ambiguous, and what it means is not sufficiently clear. This lack of clarity has caused misunderstandings, insufficient understandings, and unnecessary disputes, which have led to the constriction of appropriate communications, productive discussions, and accumulations of scientific findings, both in society at large and in academic fields. Therefore, this article clarified the definitions of kirakira names and the components of these definitions by exploring representative dictionaries and encyclopedias. Analyses showed that only one component was consistently found among all the definitions: “low-frequency names.” Thus, the broad definition of kirakira name is “low-frequency names.” Moreover, three components were found in not all but some of the definitions: (1) “names that deviate from traditions,” (2) “names that are difficult to read,” and (3) “names that are used in positive or neutral contexts.” Thus, the narrow definition of kirakira name based on these three components is “low-frequency names that deviate from traditions and are difficult to read (when Chinese characters are used), which are used in positive or neutral contexts.” This article is important because it clarifies the definition of kirakira name, which has been ambiguously understood and separately discussed, and it also provides fundamental and sharable definitions of kirakira names. In addition, this article shows that definitions of kirakira names and their components differ even among representative dictionaries and encyclopedias. Therefore, before discussing kirakira names, it is recommended that people explain their intended definition of kirakira names or at least what they mean.
  • 焦点目標のコミットメントと難しさが代替目標の抑制に及ぼす効果
    金 美娥, 竹橋 洋毅
    2022 年 20 巻 2 号 p. 81-86
    発行日: 2022年
    公開日: 2022/12/25
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
    Guided by the Goal Shielding theory, this study examined the effect of the commitment and difficulty of a focal goal on the suppression of alternative goals, controlling for the quality of goals. One hundred and thirty-eight undergraduates (all females, age average = 19.53, SD = 1.2) participated in this experiment. The participants were randomly assigned to two conditions (high or low commitment) and asked to choose one focal goal with high or low commitment from the 15-goal list. They were asked to rate the importance and difficulty of the focal goal. Then, they were asked to choose alternative goals they intended to pursue from the goal list and indicate the importance and intention to pursue them. Consistent with the Goal Shielding theory, the result of ANCOVA indicated that the participants in the high commitment condition had fewer alternative goals and lower intentions to pursue them. In addition, this study newly found that the perceived difficulty of a focal goal was negatively correlated with the number of alternative goals and the intention to pursue them. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
  • 秋庭 史典, 吉川 遼
    2022 年 20 巻 2 号 p. 87-95
    発行日: 2022年
    公開日: 2022/12/25
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
    In recent years, the word ‘collective’ has been attracting attention in the world of art. The exhibition ‘given’ (1999) at the warehouses in Nagoya Port is a good material for considering collective creative activity. This is because it consisted of 7 group exhibitions, some of which had the collective artist-run spaces that have emerged in various places since the mid-1990s, as the background. However, these group exhibitions were mistakenly evaluated based on the characteristics and tendencies of the individual works exhibited. Therefore, it should be reconsidered from the perspective of the collective creative activity. The goal of this paper is to take the first step in clarifying the differences in collective creative activities between the participating groups. In order to achieve this goal, in this paper, in addition to researching various documents about the exhibition, including the reviews, two interviews were conducted with one participant from each of the groups (‘Port People’ and the ‘History of Port’). Based on these, we point out the flaws in the evaluation at the time, confirm the actual situation of the two groups’ exhibition, and make clear that the ‘given’ exhibition really consists of various collective creative activities.
  • 再検査信頼性の検討
    八田 武俊, 重森 健太, 木村 貴彦, 八田 武志, 岩原 昭彦
    2022 年 20 巻 2 号 p. 97-101
    発行日: 2022年
    公開日: 2022/12/25
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
    The paper-version D-CAT (digit cancellation test) was developed in 2001 and distributed widely. Pap. D-CAT was developed to provide a highly practical and user-friendly assessment of various aspects of prefrontal cortex functioning, including information processing speed, the ability to focus attention, and executive functioning. As part of the attempt to develop a digital-based D-CAT, in addition to the paper-based, an attempt was made to examine the reliability of the prototype (Dig. D-CAT) by comparing it with paper-based D-CAT. The reliabilities of Pap. D-CAT and Dig. D-CAT were evaluated using a test-retest paradigm. The reliability coefficient was lower for Dig. D-CAT than for Pap. D-CAT. The reliability coefficient for Pap. D-CAT was sufficiently high, and that for Dig. D-CAT had a reasonable level of correlation. The musculoskeletal load of stylus pressure control on the tablet screen may be the cause of the difference, and further verification is necessary.
  • 顕在指標と潜在指標を用いた実験的検証
    柳田 航, 唐沢 穣, 村田 光二
    2022 年 20 巻 2 号 p. 103-110
    発行日: 2022年
    公開日: 2022/12/25
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
    Studies on stereotypes about people with disability, using measures of explicit judgments, have consistently demonstrated a compensatory pattern of “low in competence but high in warmth” trait ascriptions. On the other hand, results based on implicit measures generally indicate an association with both incompetence and coldness. However, evidence concerning implicit judgment remains to be relatively mixed. The present study tested the possibility that the inconsistency can be mainly attributed to the effects of extraneous variables due to the variability in idiosyncratic aspects of stimulus materials across the studies. On the basis of careful pilot testing, we developed an Implicit Association Test (IAT) consisting of stimulus materials that were ascertained to be equivalent in the strength of association with competence and warmth. Across Studies 1 and 2, our results consistently showed that people with disability were judged implicitly as low both in competence and warmth relative to those without disability, whereas replicating the compensatory judgments on the explicit measure. Implications of the discrepancy between explicit and implicit stereotypes concerning warmth versus coldness are discussed.
  • 清水 佑輔, 尾崎 信, 橋本 剛明, 唐沢 かおり
    2022 年 20 巻 2 号 p. 111-116
    発行日: 2022年
    公開日: 2022/12/25
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
    In recent years, the implementation of smart city projects has accelerated around the world, including in Japan. One of the potential challenges of the implementation is the issue of social acceptance. As a factor closely related to the social acceptance of smart city projects, we focus on trust in business operators. This study examines the relationship between trust in business operators and (1) perceptions of shared value (i.e., perceptions that self and business operators pursue the same value), (2) perceptions of others’ attitudes (i.e., perceptions of what attitudes other citizens have toward the project), (3) perceived sincerity, (4) perceived competence, (5) perceived future potential, and (6) perceptions of the amount of personal information (i.e., perceptions of the extent to which personal information is obtained). In this study, an online survey was conducted in which participants (N = 9,320) read one of the four vignettes about smart city projects and responded to the items listed above. The vignettes were related to either personal credit assessment, garbage collection, human flow measurement, and countermeasures against COVID-19. The structural equation modeling showed that (1) those with a higher degree of perceptions of shared value and others’ attitudes had higher perceived sincerity and competence, (2) those with higher perceived competence had higher perceived future potential, (3) those with a higher degree of perceived sincerity, future potential, and others’ attitudes had higher trust in business operators, and (4) those with lower perceptions of the amount of personal information had higher trust. Similar results were obtained for the four vignettes. This study is a vignette-based survey, which has the major limitation of lacking reality. In the future, it is important to conduct a survey targeting residents of cities where smart city projects are actually implemented. We should consider a model similar to this study with respect to a wide range of smart city projects.
  • 発達・学習に関する科目の受講による影響
    﨑濵 秀行, 林 龍平, 藤田 正
    2022 年 20 巻 2 号 p. 117-121
    発行日: 2022年
    公開日: 2022/12/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    This study examined the changes of attitudes on beliefs about teaching, comparing scores of a questionnaire before and after taking a course on teaching and learning (Educational Psychology). Five hundred and forty-four students taking a teaching profession course at a university participated in this study. One hundred and thirty-three students answered both of the questionnaires before and after taking this course, and their data was analysed. The results were as follows: scores on "need to learn teaching method at university" showed higher scores after taking a course on teaching and learning, while scores on "means and contents of learning on teaching at university" showed no significance before and after taking this course. Possible reasons for these results and future tasks were pointed out at the end of this article.
  • 高橋 孝治
    2022 年 20 巻 2 号 p. 123-127
    発行日: 2022年
    公開日: 2022/12/25
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
    On February 27, 2020, the Graduate Institute of Japanese Political and Economic Studies Master Degree, Tamkang University in Taiwan signed a master's degree double degree agreement with Okayama University Graduate School of Social and Cultural Sciences in Japan. This paper clarifies the actual situation of this double degree system, and examines the problems. The Graduate Institute of Japanese Political and Economic Studies Master Degree, Tamkang University has a double degree agreement with the Graduate School of Law, Doshisha University, and although Tamkang University students may study abroad in Japan using the double degree system, Japanese students are not able to study abroad. It is clarified that there are no examples of students who have come to study abroad at Jiang University using the double degree system. In addition, it is argued that the internationalization of graduate schools has been accomplished simply by concluding a double degree agreement with Japanese graduate schools, and that the students who use this double degree system between Japan and Taiwan are one-sided. It is also pointed out that it does not appear to be a "diplomatic relationship" between Japan and Taiwan, rather that it is based on "private business relations," and that there should be a demand for Japanese students to study in Taiwan.
  • 荻原 祐二
    2022 年 20 巻 2 号 p. 129-133
    発行日: 2022年
    公開日: 2022/12/25
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
    People in general frequently discuss the uniqueness of kirakira names and the pros and cons of kirakira names on the assumption that the rates of kirakira names have increased over time in Japan. However, empirical evidence that shows an increase in kirakira names was not directly provided, leaving it unclear whether the rates of kirakira names really increased. Therefore, this article discusses whether kirakira names indeed increased based on empirical evidence. Specifically, by taking account of previous research that clarifies the definitions of kirakira names and the components of these definitions, this article assesses whether names with each of the components have increased. Consequently, under the broad definition “low-frequency names,” kirakira names have increased, based on prior research indicating an increase in unique names in Japan. In contrast, under the narrow definitions that have three additional components ("names that deviate from traditions," "names that are difficult to read," and "names that are used in positive or neutral contexts") within the category of "low-frequency names," there is no evidence that examines historical changes in the rates of kirakira names, leaving it impossible, at least at present, to insist that kirakira names have increased. Moreover, this article shows that it is impossible to claim that kirakira names that follow the definitions provided in representative dictionaries and encyclopedias have increased. This article discusses whether kirakira names have really increased based on empirical evidence, contributing to an accurate understanding of society, culture, human, and language, and leading to the advancement of practices and applications in the correct direction.
  • 教育コミュニケーションにおける教師のメタ認知のための基礎資料
    三宮 真智子, 山口 洋介, 宮本 友介
    2022 年 20 巻 2 号 p. 135-141
    発行日: 2022年
    公開日: 2022/12/25
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
    教師が小学生の好ましくない行動を改めさせるために、どのような叱り表現を用いるかによって生徒の反応は異なる。本研究は、5種類の叱り表現に対する生徒側の発話意図認知、発話表現への嫌悪、不満、反省、行動改善意欲を調べることを目的とした。掃除をさぼっている生徒を注意するという場面想定で小学生の参加者に回答を求めた。主な結果は、次の通りである。①直接行動要求とセルフコントロール要求の表現は、概して教師の発話意図をポジティブに解釈されやすく、行動改善意欲を含む望ましい反応を招きやすい。②権威的脅し、否定的人格評価、突き放しの表現は、概して教師の発話意図をネガティブに解釈されやすく、相対的に行動改善意欲を含む望ましい反応を招きにくい。③表現に関わらず発話意図のポジティブな認知が他のポジティブな反応をもたらし、ネガティブな認知が他のネガティブな反応をもたらすことが示唆された。本研究の知見は、小学生に対する教育コミュニケーションの中で、教師が効果的な叱り発話表現を用いるためのメタ認知的知識として活用されることが期待される。
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