It is well known that granting yinshou 印綬 (a seal with a sash attached) indicated an official appointment during the Han 漢 period, but the actual function of yinshou and the system by which it was granted are not very clear.This paper examines why the Han dynasty granted yinshou to its bureaucrats and what kind of function yinshou performed. The key to examing the meaning behind the granting of yinshou is cigao 賜告 (sick leave specially allowed bureaucrats of the erqianshi 二千石 class).Bureaucrats with cigao were allowed to return home (guijia 帰家) holding yinshou and lead their subordinates.OGATA Isamu 尾形勇, who has verified the idea of an oppositional structure between gong 公 (the public sector) and si 私 (the private sector), explains that the word 'guijia' means leaving the gong-sector and returning to the si-sector.It is said that yinshou was the mark of appointment, in the gong-sector, but this view conflicts with holding yinshou while on cigao.Therefore, the author argues that yinshou was not granted in order to indicate official appointment.On the other hand, appointments that did not indicate class differences was not granted yinshou. Eventually, to lead subordinates in the gong-sector, bureaucrats a llowed cigao had to hold yinshou despite being in the si-sector. Holding yinshou while on cigao shows us that a person who belonged to si-sector could lead subordinates in the gong-sector by virtue of yinshou-i.e., sikokukouzou (a constitution resembling cigao) according to the author.All feng-jun 封君 of the Han dynasty were under the same system structure, indicating that the Han empire ran in contradiction, since it formally governed based on the fengianzhi 封建制 system, but in reality was based on the junxianzhi 郡県制 system.

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In Ming-Qing history circles, there is not very much research on the military and police as organs of violence to date.Focussing upon the xun (〓), organizations formed in the lowest stratum of the Quig Green standards, this paper examines their policing functions-especially their disposition and jurisdiction-and their relationship to regional society in the Jiangnan delta. In general, policing functions are closely related to the social-economic structure of regional society. That is to say, the maintenance of public peace depends upon a firm grasp of such structure of the society.This paper aims to examine the mutual relationship between policing functions and regional society. The author affirms the following five points. (1)The xun (〓) of the Green Standards was composed of da xun (大〓) and the xiao xun (小〓) dual stratum organizations. (2)Da xun (大〓) were deployed mainly to market towns as their bases of operations. Their jurisdiction coincided with regions depended upon the market for trade. The main policing function of the Green Standards in the Jiangnan delta was to ensure communications in such market towns. (3)Xiao xun (小〓) were deployed within the region surrouding a market town-especially along the main roads linking market towns to other market towns or rural districts-and there discharged policing duties. Their jurisdiction was clearly established by the land division methods tu (図) or wei (〓) characteristic of the Jiangnan delta. (4)Therefore, the (〓) system adapted itself to the social structure of the Jiangnan delta.(5)As a result, xun (〓) jurisdiction came to be regarded as the region surrounding, and thus closely linked to centers of market activity. It is then possible to confirm the influence of such a situation upon the establishment of autonomous districts during the late Qing period. Marketing Community theory introduced by G.W.Skinner divides markets into three types :"standard market""intermediate market, " and "central market." Up until now, due thought has not been given to which of these types of marketing community corresponds to those regions policed by the xun(〓).Through this study, the author suggests that da xun (大〓) jurisdiction coincided with an"intermediate marketing community, "its purpose to deploy with intermediate markets as its bases of operations.

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